From dense coastal forests in British Columbia to the crisp woodlands of Ontario and the rugged tundra of the Yukon, squirrels are a constant presence in Canada’s natural landscape. These quick, intelligent, and surprisingly diverse mammals are found in nearly every ecosystem—from city parks to mountain slopes. This guide explores 12 types of squirrels in Canada, detailing how to identify them, understand their habits, and appreciate their fascinating lives. Whether you’re an amateur naturalist, a wildlife photographer, or simply curious about the furry acrobats in your backyard, this educational and friendly review offers a closer look at the charming residents of the Canadian treetops and beyond.
1. Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Eastern Gray Squirrel might be the poster child for urban wildlife across much of Canada. Its sleek, silver-gray fur and bushy tail make it instantly recognizable, though color variations—ranging from jet black to brownish gray—can confuse first-time observers. These color morphs aren’t separate species but rather natural variations within the population. Adult gray squirrels typically measure around 40–50 cm long, with their luxurious tails accounting for nearly half of that length. Their sharp claws and agile limbs allow them to sprint along branches with astonishing balance, often performing acrobatics that would make a gymnast jealous.
Behavior
Known for their bold personalities, Eastern Gray Squirrels are intelligent problem-solvers, capable of remembering hundreds of food cache locations. If you’ve ever seen a squirrel digging up your flowerpots, chances are it’s one of these determined little creatures. They are primarily diurnal, meaning they’re active during the day, especially around dawn and dusk. They often engage in playful chasing or mock fights—social behaviors that help establish territory and strengthen relationships among individuals. During harsh winters, they rely heavily on buried acorns and nuts stored months in advance.
Habitat and Range
Originally native to eastern North America, the Eastern Gray Squirrel has successfully expanded its range across southern Canada, from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, and is particularly abundant in Ontario and Quebec. They thrive in deciduous and mixed forests but adapt remarkably well to urban environments, including suburban backyards and city parks. Their presence often signals a healthy tree canopy and a reliable food supply.
Diet
Their diet is a buffet of nuts, seeds, buds, fruits, and fungi, though they won’t hesitate to raid bird feeders or scavenge for human snacks. They exhibit a clever foraging technique—burying nuts in multiple locations, later relocating them through a combination of scent and spatial memory. This habit inadvertently benefits forests, as forgotten nuts can germinate into new trees.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Eastern Gray Squirrels breed twice a year, usually in late winter and midsummer. After a gestation period of about 44 days, females give birth to litters averaging three to four kits. The young are born hairless and blind, depending entirely on their mother’s care. By ten weeks, they’re ready to venture into the canopy. Most juveniles disperse in autumn, seeking their own territories before winter sets in.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Gray squirrels can leap up to nine feet horizontally and drop from 20 feet without injury—a feat that comes from their flexible joints and fluffy tails acting as parachutes. Their communication involves a mix of tail flicks, chirps, and even subtle body postures, each conveying a distinct message, such as alarm or irritation. Observing their “tail talk” can be surprisingly entertaining once you learn to decode it.
Human Interaction
While some people find them a nuisance for raiding bird feeders, others enjoy their playful antics. They’re an integral part of urban ecosystems, helping to distribute seeds and maintain tree diversity. If you feed them, moderation is key—peanuts and sunflower seeds are fine treats, but it’s better to let them forage naturally. They remind us that even in bustling cities, a slice of wilderness survives right outside our windows.
2. American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Smaller and feistier than their gray cousins, American Red Squirrels are fiery in both color and temperament. Sporting a reddish coat with a white underbelly and a faint black stripe along the sides, they’re easy to recognize once you spot their telltale tufted ears and bushy, cinnamon-hued tails. Adults measure around 30–35 cm long and weigh less than 250 grams. Don’t let their size fool you—these squirrels have personalities as big as the forests they call home.
Behavior
If the Eastern Gray Squirrel is the social butterfly of the squirrel world, the Red Squirrel is the fierce little guardian. Territorial to the extreme, it will chatter, stamp its feet, and even chase intruders away from its food stash. Their sharp trills and rattles echo through coniferous forests—a soundtrack familiar to any hiker in northern Canada. Red squirrels are solitary and spend much of their time defending their midden (a pile of stored cones and seeds) from rivals.
Habitat and Range
These squirrels dominate the boreal and mixed forests that stretch across most of Canada, from Newfoundland to British Columbia and into the Yukon. They’re especially common wherever conifers like spruce and pine thrive. Their nests, called dreys, are built high in trees from twigs, moss, and shredded bark—cozy homes that protect them from predators and harsh weather.
Diet
Red Squirrels have a refined palate centered on conifer cones, but they’ll also eat mushrooms, berries, and even bird eggs on occasion. They’re famous for collecting and drying mushrooms on tree branches, effectively creating a pantry of fungal snacks for the winter months. Their food-hoarding instincts are legendary—some middens have been found containing thousands of pine cones.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs once or twice a year depending on climate, typically in early spring. After a gestation period of around 35 days, females give birth to three to five young. The kits grow rapidly, opening their eyes by day 30 and leaving the nest within a couple of months. Red squirrels live up to five years in the wild, although most face numerous threats from predators like martens, owls, and hawks.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Despite their small size, Red Squirrels have been observed chasing off much larger animals, including gray squirrels and even small birds. They’re nature’s alarm systems—when a predator enters the forest, their loud chattering alerts other animals to danger. Interestingly, their territories often overlap with hares or grouse, creating a dynamic woodland community.
Human Interaction
They’re a favorite among birdwatchers for their curious and vocal personalities. In campgrounds or cabins, red squirrels may stash pine cones in boots or vehicle engines—a humorous yet mildly frustrating habit. Observing them is pure entertainment, especially when they scold trespassers with their signature “chick-chick” call. They embody the spirit of the Canadian wilderness: small, hardy, and endlessly resourceful.
3. Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
As Canada’s largest tree squirrel, the Fox Squirrel commands attention. Its name comes from its reddish-brown fur that resembles a fox’s coat. Some individuals sport a mix of orange, gray, and black hues, creating a handsome patchwork appearance. Measuring up to 70 cm long and weighing nearly a kilogram, Fox Squirrels are the heavyweights of the squirrel family in southern Canada. Their bushy tails, often tinged with orange, help them balance and communicate with expressive flicks.
Behavior
Unlike the solitary Red Squirrel, Fox Squirrels display a relaxed and often curious demeanor. They’re diurnal, preferring to forage in the early morning and late afternoon. They spend considerable time on the ground, foraging for acorns or seeds, and can often be seen bounding across lawns in an almost comical fashion. When threatened, they freeze or scurry up the nearest tree, flattening against the bark to avoid detection.
Habitat and Range
Fox Squirrels are most common in southern Ontario and parts of Manitoba, where open woodlands, farmlands, and urban green spaces provide plenty of nut-bearing trees. Unlike gray squirrels, they prefer areas with scattered trees rather than dense forests. Their adaptability allows them to thrive alongside humans, often seen raiding gardens or nesting in attics if given the chance.
Diet
These omnivores enjoy a broad diet of nuts, seeds, corn, fruits, and even insects. Their strong jaws make quick work of hard acorns and walnuts. During autumn, they diligently bury food caches for the winter months, playing an important role in forest regeneration. They’re also known to chew on deer antlers or bones to obtain minerals—an odd but beneficial habit for maintaining dental health.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Fox Squirrels breed twice yearly, with litters ranging from two to four young. Nests are usually located high in tree cavities or leafy dreys. The young stay with their mothers for about three months before venturing off on their own. Fox Squirrels have relatively long lifespans for rodents, living up to 12 years in captivity and about 8 years in the wild under favorable conditions.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Despite their large size, Fox Squirrels are surprisingly agile. They can leap ten feet horizontally and survive 20-foot drops with ease. Their keen sense of smell allows them to detect buried nuts under snow or leaves, even months later. Some people say they act more “laid-back” than gray squirrels—a fitting description for these gentle giants of the treetops.
Human Interaction
Fox Squirrels coexist peacefully in many Canadian suburbs and rural areas. While they may occasionally raid gardens, their role in spreading seeds and maintaining ecological balance outweighs the inconvenience. Watching them in autumn—tails flicking as they bury acorns in soft earth—reminds us that even the smallest creatures perform acts of environmental stewardship every day.
4. Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
If there’s one squirrel that can make you look twice under the moonlight, it’s the Northern Flying Squirrel. Despite its name, it doesn’t truly “fly” — it glides, gracefully sailing from tree to tree with the help of a thin membrane of skin called the *patagium*. This furry wing stretches between its wrists and ankles, giving it the aerodynamic shape of a living parachute. Adults are small, measuring about 25 to 37 cm in length, with large dark eyes that shine like black pearls — a perfect adaptation for their nocturnal lifestyle. Their soft, silky fur is grayish-brown on top and creamy white underneath, and their flattened tails act as both rudder and brake during flight.
Behavior
Northern Flying Squirrels are nocturnal acrobats, gliding silently through the forest canopy at night. They can cover distances of up to 30 meters in a single leap — that’s nearly the length of a school bus! These glides aren’t random; the squirrel adjusts its tail and limbs midair to steer precisely toward a target tree. Once landed, it scrambles to the far side of the trunk, cleverly avoiding predators like owls or martens. Socially, they’re far more tolerant than most squirrels and often share nesting cavities in winter to conserve heat — a cozy communal living arrangement that can include half a dozen individuals.
Habitat and Range
As their name suggests, Northern Flying Squirrels inhabit the boreal and mixed forests across most of Canada, from British Columbia to Newfoundland. They prefer mature forests rich in conifers, where old trees provide ample cavities for nesting. In mountainous regions, they’re often found at mid to high elevations, where the air is cool and the nights long. Because they’re nocturnal and elusive, spotting one in the wild feels like winning a small naturalist’s lottery.
Diet
Their diet might surprise you. While they enjoy seeds, nuts, and berries, Northern Flying Squirrels also feast on fungi — particularly truffles that grow underground near tree roots. In fact, they play a crucial role in forest ecology by dispersing fungal spores, helping trees absorb nutrients. This quiet partnership between squirrel and fungus is one of the hidden stories of Canada’s forests. During summer, they also nibble on insects, buds, and even small bits of carrion when protein is scarce.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding typically occurs in late spring. After a gestation period of around 40 days, females give birth to litters of two to six young, usually within a tree cavity lined with moss, leaves, and shredded bark. The kits are born blind and helpless but develop rapidly; within five weeks, they begin practicing short glides under their mother’s supervision. Most young disperse by late summer but may reunite for communal nesting once the weather turns cold again.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
One fascinating trait is their ultraviolet fluorescence — when viewed under UV light, their fur glows pink! Scientists are still unsure why, though it may help individuals recognize each other in low light. Their silent gliding, fluffy tails, and endearing eyes make them one of Canada’s most charismatic nocturnal mammals. If you’re camping in the northern woods and hear soft rustling above, don’t be surprised if a flying squirrel is watching you from the branches.
Human Interaction
Though rarely seen, they occasionally take up residence in attics or bird boxes in forested areas. Some wildlife enthusiasts build “glider boxes” to encourage their presence. Their ecological importance can’t be overstated — without their help spreading fungal spores, many forest ecosystems would struggle to sustain healthy growth. For those lucky enough to encounter one, it’s a gentle reminder that the forest never truly sleeps.
5. Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Southern Flying Squirrel is the smaller cousin of the northern species, and while they share many traits, a few key differences stand out. These squirrels are petite, measuring only 20 to 25 cm in total length, with a body as light as 60 grams — about the weight of a small lemon. Their fur is soft and silky, colored warm gray above and pure white beneath. Their enormous, glossy black eyes dominate their face, perfectly adapted for seeing in near-total darkness. If the Northern Flying Squirrel resembles a cautious glider, the Southern is its nimble, high-energy sibling — quick, curious, and endlessly playful.
Behavior
Southern Flying Squirrels are social creatures, often forming tight-knit colonies during the colder months. They communicate using high-pitched chirps, trills, and ultrasonic sounds inaudible to human ears. At night, you might see them darting between trees like tiny shadows, their glides precise and effortless. Unlike most squirrels, they are rarely seen on the ground — preferring to live their entire lives in the canopy. When threatened, they’ll flatten against the bark, blending seamlessly into the tree’s surface until the danger passes.
Habitat and Range
These squirrels inhabit the warmer regions of southern Canada, particularly southwestern Ontario, where deciduous forests provide ideal conditions. They favor woodlands rich in oak, hickory, and maple, as these trees offer both food and nesting cavities. Unlike their northern counterparts, Southern Flying Squirrels prefer slightly milder climates and are less tolerant of prolonged cold, often sharing nests to conserve heat during winter nights.
Diet
Their diet is highly varied, including nuts, seeds, fruits, fungi, insects, and even small birds or eggs on rare occasions. They have a special fondness for acorns and hickory nuts, which they store in hidden caches. Interestingly, they are one of the few squirrels known to actively chew through birdhouses to access nestlings — a behavior that, while shocking to bird lovers, underscores their adaptability as opportunistic omnivores.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs twice yearly — once in early spring and again in midsummer. The female raises her young alone, nurturing litters of two to seven pups. The babies are weaned within two months and soon begin practicing short glides between branches. In the wild, Southern Flying Squirrels live around five to six years, though many fall prey to owls, snakes, and raccoons.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Southern Flying Squirrels have been known to “play tag” with each other in the trees, chasing and leaping in playful arcs under the moonlight. Their flight paths are guided by memory and visual landmarks, allowing them to navigate familiar woods with uncanny precision. They also share the pink-glow trait under UV light, making them truly one of nature’s most dazzling little mysteries.
Human Interaction
Because they’re small and nocturnal, most Canadians never realize these squirrels live nearby. Some homeowners discover them by the soft rustling in attic insulation or faint nighttime squeaks. While they occasionally cause minor mischief, they pose little harm and are protected under various wildlife acts. Watching them glide under starlit skies is a rare and magical experience — a secret performance of the forest night.
6. Richardson’s Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Also known affectionately as the “gopher,” the Richardson’s Ground Squirrel is a beloved resident of Canada’s prairies. It’s a stout, sandy-colored rodent with a short, stubby tail and round, dark eyes that always seem alert. Adults measure about 30 cm in length and weigh up to 400 grams. Their fur blends perfectly with dry grasslands, providing camouflage against hawks and coyotes. Unlike tree squirrels, their claws are built for digging — sturdy, curved tools that carve tunnels deep into the soil.
Behavior
These squirrels are strictly diurnal and highly social, living in colonies that can number in the dozens. They maintain complex burrow systems with designated sleeping, nesting, and waste chambers — an underground city, complete with alarm sentinels. When danger approaches, one squirrel emits a sharp whistle, sending the entire colony diving for cover. Above ground, they’re often seen standing upright on hind legs, scanning the horizon like tiny prairie watchmen. Their interactions are filled with chirps, twitches, and even playful wrestling among juveniles.
Habitat and Range
Richardson’s Ground Squirrels dominate the grasslands of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. They prefer open, dry habitats with low vegetation where they can easily spot predators. Their burrows can reach up to two meters deep and several meters long, providing insulation against both summer heat and winter cold. During the frigid months, they enter a deep hibernation lasting up to eight months — emerging in early spring when the snow melts and the prairie awakens.
Diet
As classic herbivores, they feed primarily on grasses, seeds, and leafy plants. In agricultural areas, they occasionally nibble on crops like alfalfa or wheat, which sometimes brings them into conflict with farmers. Still, they play an essential ecological role — aerating soil, cycling nutrients, and providing prey for predators such as badgers and hawks. Their efficient burrowing behavior even helps control excess vegetation by churning the earth.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding begins almost immediately after hibernation ends, typically in March or April. Females give birth to litters averaging seven to eight pups after a gestation period of around 25 days. The young remain underground for their first month before surfacing in late spring. Their lifespan is short — often just three to four years — but their rapid reproduction ensures thriving populations across the prairies.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
When alarmed, Richardson’s Ground Squirrels emit a shrill whistle so sharp it can be mistaken for a birdcall. They’re also highly vocal during social interactions, producing chirps that researchers believe communicate identity and mood. Their hibernation behavior is another marvel — their heart rate drops from 200 beats per minute to fewer than 10, conserving energy through the long prairie winter.
Human Interaction
While considered agricultural pests in some regions, they’re also local icons of the prairies — even serving as mascots for schools and sports teams. Observing their antics on sunny summer days can be delightful, as they pop in and out of burrow entrances like furry whack-a-moles. For wildlife watchers, they offer endless photo opportunities and a window into the lively dynamics of prairie ecosystems.
7. Columbian Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Columbian Ground Squirrel is often called the “mountain gopher,” a nickname earned from its alpine lifestyle. This species has a robust body, typically 30 to 40 cm long, with a short, bushy tail and a weight of up to 700 grams in adults. Its fur is a rich mix of cinnamon-brown and gray tones, with a reddish tinge around the nose and shoulders — giving it a warm, sun-dappled look. Their sharp claws and powerful forelimbs are perfectly adapted for digging, while their keen eyesight makes them excellent sentinels against predators.
Behavior
Columbian Ground Squirrels are known for their early start and early finish to the year. They emerge from hibernation in late April and, astonishingly, return underground by early August — spending nearly two-thirds of their lives asleep! When active, they’re highly social, forming colonies connected by a labyrinth of burrows. They communicate through whistles, chirps, and body postures, each signaling different threats or intentions. Observers often note how these squirrels pop upright like sentinels, scanning for danger before resuming their foraging with brisk energy.
Habitat and Range
These squirrels are found throughout the mountainous regions of British Columbia, Alberta, and southeastern Yukon. They prefer meadows, grasslands, and open slopes near alpine forests. Their burrows, often dug into soft soil or beneath rocks, provide safety from predators and extreme temperatures. The high-altitude environments they inhabit can be harsh, so their thick fur and seasonal hibernation are vital adaptations for survival.
Diet
Columbian Ground Squirrels feed primarily on grasses, seeds, flowers, and roots. They also have a particular fondness for clover and dandelions. Occasionally, they’ll snack on insects or bird eggs when plant food is scarce. During summer, they gorge themselves, building up fat reserves to sustain their lengthy hibernation. They even store food in their burrows, though most energy is derived from accumulated body fat during their winter slumber.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
After emerging from hibernation, males appear first to stake out territories, followed shortly by females. Mating occurs quickly, and females give birth about a month later to litters averaging five to eight pups. The young grow rapidly and must mature fast — by mid-summer, they’re already foraging independently before the colony returns underground for another long winter nap.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
One quirky behavior of this species is “sunbathing.” On cool mornings, they’re often seen sprawled flat on warm rocks, soaking in the sun like tiny yogis in meditation. They also have one of the longest hibernation periods among mammals — up to eight or nine months — an incredible survival strategy for life in the mountains.
Human Interaction
In rural areas, Columbian Ground Squirrels sometimes attract the ire of farmers for burrowing in pastures, yet they play a key ecological role by aerating soil and providing food for hawks, coyotes, and bears. For hikers in Canada’s Rockies, spotting these squirrels is a near certainty — they’re often the curious little creatures chirping near alpine meadows, keeping watch like furry mountain guardians.
8. Franklin’s Ground Squirrel (Poliocitellus franklinii)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Meet Franklin’s Ground Squirrel — the shy, secretive cousin of the prairie species. It’s medium-sized, measuring 30 to 40 cm in length, with a long, bushy tail that gives it a deceptively “tree squirrel” appearance. Its fur is grayish-brown with subtle mottling, and its underside is lighter, often buff or pale yellow. Compared to the Richardson’s Ground Squirrel, Franklin’s has smaller ears and a longer body, making it easier to identify if you manage to catch a glimpse before it scurries away.
Behavior
This species is notoriously elusive, spending much of its time underground or in tall grass. Unlike its more outgoing prairie cousins, Franklin’s Ground Squirrel is a solitary creature. It’s diurnal but tends to avoid the heat of midday, foraging in the early morning or late afternoon. When startled, it releases a high-pitched squeak before darting into its burrow. Although quiet and shy, these squirrels are remarkable swimmers — yes, swimmers! — and will take to the water to escape predators if needed.
Habitat and Range
Franklin’s Ground Squirrels inhabit the transition zones between grasslands and woodlands, primarily in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and southern Alberta. They prefer areas with thick vegetation, which provides both cover and food. Their burrows are complex, sometimes extending several meters with multiple entrances and escape routes — a reflection of their cautious nature. Because they rely on dense vegetation, habitat loss has made them less common in agricultural landscapes.
Diet
They are opportunistic feeders, enjoying a mix of green plants, seeds, fruits, insects, and even small vertebrates. They have been observed raiding bird nests for eggs and young, though this behavior is rare. Their flexible diet helps them adapt to shifting food availability in the changing seasons. By late summer, they’ve gained enough weight to endure a long hibernation, which can last up to seven months.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs shortly after they emerge from hibernation in spring. Females give birth to four to nine pups after a gestation period of about a month. The young remain underground for nearly six weeks, emerging only when they’re strong enough to survive on their own. Adult squirrels reach sexual maturity by their second year, though many fall victim to predators before then.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Franklin’s Ground Squirrel is sometimes called the “gray gopher,” though it’s not closely related to the true gophers. Its semi-aquatic behavior is rare among ground squirrels — imagine a squirrel paddling across a pond with its tail like a rudder! Their cautious, secretive behavior also makes them one of the least-studied squirrel species in North America.
Human Interaction
Due to their shy nature and declining habitat, humans rarely encounter Franklin’s Ground Squirrels. They occasionally appear in rural gardens or grassy roadsides but typically avoid populated areas. Conservationists keep a watchful eye on them, as their presence indicates a healthy balance between prairie and woodland habitats. Spotting one is a quiet reward for patient observers exploring Canada’s mixed-grass prairies.
9. Arctic Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus parryii)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Among all Canadian squirrels, the Arctic Ground Squirrel might be the most resilient. It’s the northernmost member of the squirrel family, thriving in the frozen tundra where few mammals dare to live. Adults are medium-sized, about 35 to 40 cm long, with golden-brown fur and a white-speckled back that blends beautifully with the rocky landscape. Their eyes are dark and wide, giving them a perpetually alert expression. Unlike tree squirrels, they have shorter tails and more muscular limbs built for digging through permafrost soil.
Behavior
These hardy rodents live in colonies but spend much of the day alone, foraging for food or standing sentry at burrow entrances. They’re highly vocal, producing sharp chirps and trills to warn of predators like foxes or hawks. During the brief Arctic summer, they work tirelessly to fatten up for winter, storing seeds and roots in underground chambers. And when winter comes — it’s nap time like no other: they hibernate for up to nine months, surviving in burrows where temperatures can plunge below freezing.
Habitat and Range
The Arctic Ground Squirrel inhabits the tundra and alpine meadows of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, extending into parts of northern British Columbia. Their burrows are dug into well-drained soils on hillsides or riverbanks, offering both safety and insulation. Despite the cold, these squirrels thrive thanks to an impressive physiological adaptation: their body temperature can drop below freezing during hibernation — yet they survive, thawing out naturally in spring.
Diet
As opportunistic omnivores, they eat seeds, berries, grasses, roots, and insects. In lean times, they may even scavenge on carrion — a rare trait among squirrels. Their summer diet is all about maximizing energy intake before their long hibernation. They’ve been known to store food inside their burrows, though their primary winter fuel comes from thick fat deposits accumulated in their bodies.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
After waking from hibernation in early spring, Arctic Ground Squirrels waste no time breeding. Females give birth to litters of five to ten young, born in cozy underground chambers insulated with grass and fur. The young grow rapidly, emerging within six weeks to enjoy the short Arctic summer. Most juveniles must mature fast, as the window for fattening up before hibernation is brief.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
This species is often called “parka squirrel” by Indigenous peoples because their thick pelts were once used to line warm clothing. Another astonishing fact: their body temperature during hibernation can fall to -3°C — colder than ice — yet they revive each spring as if nothing happened. It’s a feat of nature that scientists continue to study with awe.
Human Interaction
In the North, Arctic Ground Squirrels are a common sight and have long been part of Indigenous culture, both as food sources and as environmental indicators. Today, they’re often seen as charming symbols of the Arctic wilderness. For travelers exploring Yukon or Nunavut, their presence — often signaled by sharp chirps echoing across the tundra — is a reminder of life’s resilience in even the harshest climates.
10. Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Northern Flying Squirrel is one of Canada’s most enchanting nocturnal mammals. Though they don’t truly fly, these squirrels glide gracefully through the forest canopy using a furry membrane called the patagium, which stretches from wrist to ankle. Adults typically measure about 25 to 37 centimeters in length, including their flattened tail that acts as a stabilizing rudder during glides. Their fur is soft and silky, grayish-brown above with creamy white underparts. Large, dark eyes—almost cartoonish in appearance—are perfectly adapted for nighttime vision. If you happen to spot one under moonlight, you might think you’ve just seen a small shadow gliding silently across the trees.
Behavior
Northern Flying Squirrels are primarily nocturnal and highly social compared to most other squirrels. During colder months, they often share tree cavities with several others to conserve warmth—a fascinating display of cooperation in the wild. Despite their gentle demeanor, they’re known for their agility, capable of gliding distances of over 50 meters with remarkable accuracy. They communicate through soft chirps and ultrasonic sounds that humans can’t hear, which scientists believe play a role in maintaining group cohesion.
Habitat and Range
This species thrives in the boreal and mixed forests stretching from British Columbia to Newfoundland. They favor mature forests rich in conifers, especially spruce and fir, as these trees provide both shelter and food. The Northern Flying Squirrel’s range overlaps with its southern cousin, but it dominates colder, more northern regions and mountain forests where snow is abundant for much of the year.
Diet
Their diet is varied but leans heavily on fungi, particularly truffles and other underground mushrooms. In fact, these squirrels play a vital ecological role in spreading fungal spores that help trees absorb nutrients—a quiet yet critical partnership. They also eat nuts, seeds, berries, insects, and occasionally bird eggs. Their cache behavior is impressive; they’ll stash hundreds of food items in scattered spots, helping new fungi grow come spring.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Mating occurs between March and May. Females give birth to two to six young after a gestation period of about five weeks. The kits are born blind and hairless, relying entirely on their mother for warmth and nourishment. By two months, they can glide short distances and start exploring beyond the nest. A typical lifespan in the wild is around six years, though many don’t survive their first winter due to predation and harsh weather.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
One of the most delightful facts about these gliders is their luminous fur under ultraviolet light—a recent discovery that left biologists intrigued. Under UV rays, their bellies glow a faint pink, possibly a form of communication or camouflage. How’s that for a bit of natural mystery?
Human Interaction
Despite their secretive nature, Northern Flying Squirrels occasionally take up residence in attics or cabins near forests. They’re harmless but can be noisy at night. Wildlife enthusiasts often set up nest boxes to observe their activity without disturbing them. Conservationists stress that maintaining old-growth forests is essential for their survival, as these trees provide both food sources and nesting cavities.
11. Richardson’s Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Often called the “prairie dog of the North,” Richardson’s Ground Squirrel is a plump, short-tailed burrower found across the Canadian prairies. Adults measure 28–35 centimeters long and weigh around 300 to 500 grams. Their fur is sandy brown with a faint mottled pattern, providing perfect camouflage in open grasslands. Unlike tree squirrels, they have small ears and stubby tails, giving them a somewhat rounded, endearing appearance. Their alarm call—a sharp, high-pitched whistle—is instantly recognizable across the prairie.
Behavior
Highly social and vocal, these ground squirrels live in colonies where they maintain complex burrow systems. Each burrow acts as a fortress of tunnels, chambers, and emergency exits. If one spots a hawk or fox, it lets out an alarm whistle that sends the entire colony diving underground. They are diurnal, most active in the morning and early evening. During the hottest hours, they retreat to their burrows to avoid overheating. Interestingly, they spend about seven months of the year hibernating underground—proof that prairie winters demand resilience.
Habitat and Range
Richardson’s Ground Squirrels dominate the grasslands of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. They prefer open fields, pastures, and agricultural areas where vegetation is low enough to spot predators easily. Their presence is so abundant in these regions that they’re often considered both a pest and a mascot, depending on who you ask!
Diet
Herbivorous by nature, their diet includes grasses, seeds, and leafy plants. During summer, they may occasionally nibble on insects for extra protein. They store fat rather than food, relying on these reserves to survive their long hibernation period. Farmers sometimes find them raiding crops, but ecologists note they help aerate soil and distribute plant seeds—contributing to a healthier ecosystem overall.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs shortly after they emerge from hibernation in early spring. Females produce one litter annually, typically six to eight pups. The young grow rapidly, leaving the nest within a month and achieving independence soon after. Their life expectancy averages three years, though predators such as hawks, coyotes, and badgers keep populations in check.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Despite being ground-dwellers, Richardson’s Ground Squirrels occasionally “stand guard” on their hind legs, scanning for danger like tiny sentinels. Their body posture has even earned them the nickname “picket pins.” Watching a whole colony pop up and down like prairie popcorn is quite a sight!
Human Interaction
These squirrels often spark mixed reactions. Farmers sometimes view them as crop pests, but wildlife photographers and naturalists cherish them as a sign of prairie vitality. In some towns, they’ve even become unofficial mascots—proof that a small creature can leave a big cultural footprint.
12. Red-tailed Chipmunk (Neotamias ruficaudus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Red-tailed Chipmunk might be small, but it’s one of Canada’s most striking rodents. Measuring around 20–25 centimeters including the tail, it’s instantly recognized by its reddish-brown tail that seems to glow under sunlight. Its body features the classic chipmunk striping pattern—five dark lines separated by lighter ones along its back. Its face carries two bold stripes that run through the eyes, giving it a bright, alert expression. The contrast between its coppery tail and warm brown coat makes it stand out beautifully against forest floors.
Behavior
Active and curious, this chipmunk spends most of its day scurrying between trees and fallen logs in search of food. Like other chipmunks, it uses its expandable cheek pouches to carry seeds, nuts, and berries back to its burrow. When threatened, it emits sharp “chip-chip” calls and dives into nearby holes. It’s a solitary animal outside of the breeding season, with each individual fiercely defending its own territory.
Habitat and Range
The Red-tailed Chipmunk is primarily found in western Canada—particularly British Columbia, southern Alberta, and parts of the Rocky Mountains. It thrives in coniferous and mixed forests with plenty of ground cover. Its burrows are often dug beneath logs or stumps, and though it’s capable of climbing trees, it prefers to forage on the forest floor.
Diet
This chipmunk’s diet includes seeds, nuts, fungi, and insects. It’s a key seed disperser, helping replant the very trees that sustain its forest home. In autumn, it gathers food for winter storage, creating an underground pantry that may contain thousands of seeds. While it hibernates during the coldest months, it periodically wakes to snack on stored food—nature’s version of a midnight raid.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding takes place in early spring, with females producing a single litter of 4–6 young. The kits emerge from the burrow after about a month, already lively and quick to learn the ropes of survival. In the wild, most live three to five years, though predation from owls, weasels, and snakes keeps populations balanced.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
As its name suggests, the chipmunk’s tail has a distinctive reddish hue that becomes more vibrant in summer. Some researchers believe this helps it communicate with other chipmunks through subtle tail flicks. Observing them can be oddly comical—they often pause mid-run as if debating their next move, then dart off again with a burst of energy.
Human Interaction
While they may raid bird feeders or campsites for an easy snack, Red-tailed Chipmunks are generally welcome guests. Their curious antics delight campers and hikers alike. Keeping forests healthy by spreading seeds, these tiny creatures remind us that even the smallest residents play big ecological roles in Canada’s wilderness.
FAQ’s
1. What is the most common squirrel in Canada?
The most common squirrel in Canada is the Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). It’s found across most provinces and territories, known for its energetic nature and loud chatter. In southern urban areas, Eastern Gray Squirrels are also abundant.
2. Are black squirrels only in Canada?
No, black squirrels aren’t exclusive to Canada. They’re a melanistic form of the Eastern Gray Squirrel and can also be found in parts of the northern United States. However, they’re particularly common in Ontario—especially around Toronto and Ottawa.
3. Are red squirrels rare in Canada?
Not at all. Red Squirrels are widespread across Canadian forests. They prefer coniferous and mixed woodlands and are one of the most frequently seen wildlife species in rural and northern regions.
4. Are grey squirrels invasive in Canada?
Yes, in many areas they are. The Eastern Gray Squirrel is native to eastern North America but has expanded westward and northward, sometimes displacing native Red Squirrels in cities and parks.
5. What squirrel is native to Canada?
The Red Squirrel and Northern Flying Squirrel are native to Canada. These species have adapted well to cold northern climates, living in forests from British Columbia to Newfoundland and Labrador.
6. Where do squirrels go in the winter in Canada?
Squirrels don’t hibernate. During Canada’s cold winters, they stay in nests or tree cavities, relying on food caches they stored during fall. They venture out on milder days to eat and check their stashes.
7. What animals eat squirrels in Canada?
Squirrels in Canada are preyed upon by hawks, owls, foxes, coyotes, and martens. Domestic cats and dogs may also catch squirrels in urban or suburban areas.
8. Do squirrels in Canada carry rabies?
It’s extremely rare. Squirrels in Canada are not known to be carriers of rabies. However, they can carry mites, fleas, or other parasites, so handling wild squirrels is not recommended.
9. What is the best food for squirrels in Canada?
Squirrels eat a variety of nuts, seeds, fruits, mushrooms, and tree buds. In Canada, natural foods like acorns, maple seeds, and pine cones are ideal. Feeding unsalted nuts or sunflower seeds is fine occasionally, but avoid processed or salted foods.
10. Where do squirrels sleep in the winter in Canada?
In winter, squirrels sleep in warm nests made of leaves, grass, and twigs, often built in tree cavities or attics. They huddle together to stay warm and conserve energy through the coldest months.
Conclusion
From the bustling red squirrels of the Maritimes to the gliding Northern Flying Squirrels of the boreal forests, Canada’s twelve species of squirrels paint a vivid portrait of adaptability. Each has carved out its niche, surviving and thriving amid snow, forests, and prairie grasslands. They aerate soil, scatter seeds, and feed countless predators—silently maintaining the balance of ecosystems across the country. Next time you see a squirrel leaping across branches or chattering from a fencepost, take a moment to appreciate the centuries of evolution that shaped its quick wit and nimble grace. In the grand web of life, these little dynamos play a bigger role than we often realize.
Read more: 8 Types of Squirrels in Massachusetts (Pictures And Identification)