What Do Eagles Eat ? 40 Foods They Love the Most

Eagles are among the most iconic birds of prey in the world, celebrated for their strength, keen eyesight, and impressive hunting skills. These majestic raptors occupy top positions in the food chain, making them vital components of their ecosystems, where they regulate prey populations and help maintain ecological balance. Understanding what eagles eat is crucial not only for appreciating their role in the wild but also for conservation efforts, habitat management, and ensuring their populations remain healthy and thriving.

So, what do eagles eat? Eagles are opportunistic predators, consuming a wide variety of foods depending on species, habitat, and availability. They primarily hunt live prey, but many also scavenge when opportunities arise. Here is a comprehensive list of 40 foods that eagles love the most:

Fish
Salmon
Trout
Herring
Carp
Bass
Catfish
Other freshwater fish
Waterfowl (ducks, geese)
Swans
Herons
Shorebirds
Seabirds
Gulls
Cormorants
Pigeons
Doves
Game birds (quail, grouse, pheasant)
Rabbits
Hares
Squirrels
Chipmunks
Rats
Mice
Small mammals (general)
Raccoons (small/young)
Opossums (small/young)
Muskrats
Snakes
Lizards
Turtles (small)
Amphibians (frogs, toads)
Crabs
Shrimp
Insects (grasshoppers, beetles)
Earthworms
Eggs (bird eggs)
Carrion (dead animals)
Scavenged fish
Scavenged mammals

This article will explore each of these food sources in detail, explaining their nutritional value, the hunting or foraging behavior of eagles, and how diet varies across species, seasons, and habitats. Whether in the wild or near human settlements, understanding eagle diets provides a window into their complex ecological roles and helps support conservation strategies.

What Do Eagles Eat in the Wild?

1. Fish

Fish form the backbone of many eagle species’ diets, particularly for bald eagles and sea eagles, which are often found near rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. Fish provide a rich source of protein and essential fatty acids, which are crucial for energy-intensive activities such as flying, hunting, and maintaining body heat. Eagles have evolved exceptional eyesight that allows them to detect fish beneath the water’s surface from high altitudes, and their strong talons are perfectly adapted to snatch slippery prey from the water in a single, precise motion. Fish species vary by region, and eagles may target slow-moving or schooling fish to increase hunting success, demonstrating a remarkable ability to adapt their strategy based on prey behavior.

In addition to being high in protein, fish also provide vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which are vital for bone development and overall health. Young eagles, or eaglets, benefit particularly from a fish-rich diet, as the nutrients promote rapid growth and strengthen their developing wings and talons. The act of hunting fish also teaches juveniles important survival skills, as they learn to time their swoops, calculate angles, and coordinate with siblings during feeding at nests, especially in areas where competition is high. Eagles often prefer freshwater fish like bass or trout but will also exploit available species in coastal habitats when freshwater is scarce.

2. Salmon

Salmon is a prized food for many North American eagles, especially bald eagles that inhabit the Pacific Northwest. These nutrient-dense fish are abundant during spawning seasons, providing a high-energy meal that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, and essential vitamins, making them ideal for both adult eagles and growing eaglets. Eagles often perch near rivers or streams to wait for salmon to swim upstream, and their hunting techniques include swooping down and using powerful talons to grab the fish mid-stream. The abundance of salmon during spawning periods allows eagles to feed consistently, building fat reserves necessary for winter survival or periods when prey is less available.

Salmon also play a crucial ecological role, as eagles often transport or drop partially eaten fish in surrounding areas, inadvertently contributing to nutrient cycling and feeding smaller scavengers. This interconnection between eagles, salmon, and the broader ecosystem highlights how a single food source can influence population dynamics and biodiversity. Additionally, eagles demonstrate remarkable patience and problem-solving skills when targeting salmon, sometimes waiting hours near waterfalls or rapids to capture fish that are temporarily stunned or disoriented, showcasing their intelligence and adaptability in hunting.

3. Trout

Trout are another freshwater favorite for many eagle species, particularly in cooler climates where trout populations are dense. Rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids, trout provide eagles with high-quality nutrition that supports muscle development, feather growth, and reproductive success. Eagles hunting trout rely heavily on keen vision, identifying movement or color contrasts beneath clear waters, and then executing precise talon strikes to secure their prey. Unlike some other fish, trout are often more agile, requiring eagles to refine their approach, adjust swooping angles, and sometimes strike repeatedly to achieve a successful catch.

Beyond nutritional value, trout serve as an accessible food source in habitats where larger fish like salmon may not be present. Eagles often feed alone or in pairs on trout, reducing competition and ensuring that energy expenditure in hunting is balanced by the caloric intake of their prey. Young eagles learn to target trout under the guidance of their parents, gradually improving their strike accuracy, grip strength, and ability to compensate for water currents, which are essential skills for long-term survival in freshwater ecosystems.

4. Herring

Herring, a small but abundant schooling fish, is a key food source for coastal and marine eagles. These fish are rich in oils and proteins, offering a dense source of energy that supports both migration and local hunting activities. Eagles often exploit herring during seasonal runs, timing their hunting efforts to coincide with the peak availability of these fish, and may snatch multiple individuals in quick succession to maximize intake. Their hunting strategy often involves hovering above or swooping down rapidly, using exceptional depth perception and wing control to capture herring from near the water surface.

Herring also contribute to eagle diets indirectly by attracting other prey species, creating feeding hotspots where eagles can hunt opportunistically. This flexibility in diet highlights the adaptability of eagles in coastal ecosystems, as they adjust their feeding strategies based on fish abundance, water conditions, and competition with other predators such as ospreys or gulls. Nutritionally, herring provide essential fatty acids that promote cardiovascular health, feather condition, and reproductive fitness, making them a highly valuable addition to an eagle’s diet.

5. Carp

Carp are freshwater fish that offer eagles a substantial, high-calorie meal due to their relatively large size and fat content. Eagles targeting carp often exploit shallow waters, rivers, or floodplains where carp congregate, using keen eyesight and powerful talons to immobilize the fish. Carp provide a steady source of protein and lipids, which are essential for energy-intensive hunting, thermoregulation, and maintaining large body mass in adult eagles. They may also scavenge injured or dead carp, demonstrating eagles’ opportunistic feeding behavior that balances energy expenditure with nutritional gain.

The hunting of carp requires careful timing and precise coordination, as these fish are strong and can resist capture with vigorous movement. Young eagles gradually develop the strength and skill to handle larger carp, often learning from parents how to manipulate the fish to prevent escape. Additionally, the presence of carp in rivers and lakes influences the feeding behavior of eagle populations, as abundant carp can support higher densities of eagles and improve reproductive success by providing reliable nutrition throughout the year.

6. Bass

Bass, including species like largemouth and smallmouth, are an important part of the diet for eagles in freshwater lakes and rivers. These fish are muscular and protein-rich, supporting energy-intensive activities like flight, hunting, and courtship displays. Eagles targeting bass often scan shallow waters or areas near vegetation where bass congregate, striking with speed and precision to ensure a successful capture. Bass also provide minerals and essential amino acids necessary for feather growth and overall health, making them a high-quality food source.

When hunting bass, eagles demonstrate adaptability in technique, sometimes dragging the fish to a perch to consume it safely and avoid losing it to other predators or scavengers. Juvenile eagles learn to identify suitable bass based on size, behavior, and environmental cues, which enhances their hunting efficiency over time. The availability of bass in freshwater ecosystems also influences eagle distribution, as areas with abundant fish populations often support higher densities of these raptors, demonstrating the interconnectedness of prey abundance and predator ecology.

7. Catfish

Catfish, known for their tough, scaleless bodies and bottom-dwelling habits, provide eagles with a nutrient-dense prey option. These fish are rich in protein, fats, and essential minerals, making them an excellent energy source for adult eagles and growing juveniles. Eagles hunting catfish may need to employ unique strategies, such as targeting shallow waters or waiting for the fish to become disoriented, highlighting their problem-solving abilities and adaptability in various habitats. Catfish are especially valuable during seasons when other fish are less accessible, ensuring eagles maintain adequate nutrition year-round.

The physical adaptations of eagles, including sharp talons, hooked beaks, and strong flight muscles, allow them to handle catfish effectively despite the fish’s resistance and slippery texture. By mastering the capture and handling of catfish, eagles demonstrate an ability to exploit diverse prey types, enhancing their survival prospects and resilience in changing environments. Additionally, catfish contribute to ecosystem dynamics, as eagle predation can influence fish population health and distribution, indirectly supporting aquatic biodiversity.

8. Other Freshwater Fish

Beyond the commonly targeted species like salmon, trout, bass, and catfish, eagles consume a wide range of other freshwater fish depending on availability and regional abundance. These may include perch, sunfish, minnows, and chub, all of which offer high-quality proteins, essential fats, and vital nutrients necessary for energy, reproduction, and feather maintenance. Eagles demonstrate remarkable dietary flexibility, adjusting hunting strategies and prey selection based on the size, behavior, and density of available fish populations, which reflects their intelligence and adaptability in freshwater ecosystems.

Opportunistic feeding on diverse fish species allows eagles to survive during periods of scarcity or environmental change, such as droughts or fluctuations in prey populations. This adaptability also reduces competition with other piscivorous birds, as eagles can exploit multiple fish types in varying habitats, from shallow streams to deep lakes. The consumption of various freshwater fish ensures that eagles maintain a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients, supporting long-term health and reproductive success.

9. Waterfowl (Ducks, Geese)

Waterfowl, including ducks and geese, are a critical component of many eagle diets, especially for bald and golden eagles that inhabit wetlands, lakes, and rivers. These birds are high in protein and fat, providing energy-dense meals that are essential for flight, hunting, and reproduction. Eagles often hunt waterfowl using stealth, speed, and surprise, swooping down from high perches or open skies to capture prey. Hunting waterfowl also requires strategic planning, as eagles must consider flock behavior, water currents, and escape routes to increase success rates.

Feeding on waterfowl supports adult eagles’ nutritional needs and provides young eaglets with rich, calorie-dense food to promote rapid growth. Waterfowl hunting also reflects eagles’ ecological adaptability, as they can exploit seasonal migrations, breeding behaviors, and congregation sites to maximize feeding efficiency. This type of predation helps regulate waterfowl populations, illustrating the eagle’s vital role as a top predator in maintaining ecosystem balance and biodiversity.

10. Swans

Swans, though less commonly preyed upon due to their larger size, provide a high-energy meal for adult eagles capable of tackling large birds. Swans are rich in fats and proteins, offering substantial nutritional benefits that can sustain eagles for extended periods, especially during migration or harsh weather. Eagles targeting swans often focus on juveniles or weakened individuals, using careful planning, strength, and aerial skill to subdue prey effectively. The hunting of swans demonstrates the eagle’s impressive predatory capability and strategic thinking in selecting vulnerable but high-reward prey.

By incorporating swans into their diet, eagles access nutrient-dense food sources that are not only rich in protein and fat but also provide essential vitamins and minerals required for optimal health. This ability to hunt large waterfowl highlights the versatility of eagles’ feeding strategies and underscores their status as apex predators in freshwater and wetland ecosystems, capable of influencing population dynamics and supporting biodiversity through their predatory behavior.

11. Herons

Herons are medium-sized wading birds that provide eagles with a rich source of protein and essential fatty acids, which are crucial for maintaining energy, muscle strength, and reproductive fitness. Eagles hunting herons often rely on stealth and precision, watching from perches or soaring above wetlands before swooping down to seize the bird in mid-flight or while it is foraging. The hunting of herons demonstrates eagles’ adaptability and intelligence, as they must assess the risk of injury from defensive heron movements while maximizing their chances of a successful kill.

Herons also provide eagles with vital nutrients that support feather growth, bone density, and overall health. Juvenile eagles learn to target herons by observing adult hunting techniques, improving their timing, flight accuracy, and grasp strength. The predation of herons influences wetland ecosystems by regulating bird populations and maintaining balance among wading species, showcasing the ecological significance of eagles as apex predators capable of shaping their habitats.

12. Shorebirds

Shorebirds, such as sandpipers and plovers, are small to medium-sized birds that offer eagles easily accessible meals along shorelines, mudflats, and estuaries. These birds are high in protein and essential nutrients, and their abundance in coastal regions provides a reliable food source during migration and breeding seasons. Eagles hunting shorebirds must demonstrate exceptional aerial agility and quick reflexes, as these birds are nimble and capable of sudden bursts of flight to evade capture. This hunting practice hones the eagle’s skills and ensures juveniles develop the precision required for successful predation.

The consumption of shorebirds also reflects the eagle’s ecological flexibility, as they can exploit both aquatic and terrestrial prey. By preying on shorebirds, eagles help regulate populations of small coastal birds, indirectly influencing insect populations and the distribution of seeds, highlighting their role as a keystone species within wetland and estuarine ecosystems.

13. Seabirds

Seabirds, including terns, puffins, and gull-like species, provide a high-calorie, protein-rich food source for coastal eagles, particularly those inhabiting oceanic islands and coastal cliffs. Eagles targeting seabirds often utilize complex hunting strategies, such as aerial ambush, snatching fledglings from nests, or scavenging washed-up carcasses. The rich nutrient profile of seabirds supports energy-intensive behaviors such as long-distance flight, territorial defense, and courtship displays, making them an important component of the eagle diet in marine environments.

Seabird predation also influences local ecosystems, as it helps maintain balanced populations and prevents overcompetition among prey species. Juvenile eagles learn to hunt seabirds by observing adults, practicing strikes, and developing timing skills to compensate for the birds’ flight agility and unpredictable movements. This interaction underscores the eagle’s role as an apex predator and highlights its capacity to adapt to diverse habitats ranging from freshwater lakes to open coastal waters.

14. Gulls

Gulls are opportunistic prey for many eagle species due to their abundance in coastal and inland waterways. Eagles benefit from the high fat and protein content of gulls, which provides energy for flight, hunting, and reproductive activities. Hunting gulls requires patience, precision, and strategic planning, as these birds are agile, often flying in flocks and exhibiting evasive maneuvers to avoid predation. Eagles may exploit weakened, injured, or isolated gulls to maximize hunting efficiency while minimizing energy expenditure.

By feeding on gulls, eagles indirectly influence coastal ecosystem dynamics, regulating prey populations and contributing to biodiversity maintenance. Juvenile eagles refine their hunting skills on gulls, learning to anticipate flight patterns, adjust swoop angles, and coordinate talon strikes, which are essential for developing proficiency in capturing more challenging prey in adulthood.

15. Cormorants

Cormorants are piscivorous birds that often inhabit the same aquatic ecosystems as eagles, making them a nutrient-dense but challenging prey option. Rich in protein and fats, cormorants provide eagles with high-energy meals necessary for sustaining prolonged flight and hunting activity. Eagles hunting cormorants must overcome their prey’s strong flight capability, diving skills, and dense plumage, demonstrating the eagle’s adaptability, intelligence, and physical strength. Hunting cormorants also involves observing nesting sites, timing attacks during periods of vulnerability, and using stealth to achieve success.

The predation of cormorants contributes to the regulation of local fish-eating bird populations, indirectly impacting fish populations and aquatic ecosystem balance. Juvenile eagles benefit from learning these complex hunting techniques, gradually improving precision, timing, and strategic thinking to capture challenging prey. Overall, cormorant predation highlights the eagle’s versatility and its role as a key apex predator in both freshwater and coastal environments.

16. Pigeons

Pigeons, including rock pigeons and feral urban populations, are common prey for many eagle species in both rural and urban environments. Eagles benefit from the high protein content of pigeons, which supports muscle development, feather maintenance, and energy requirements for hunting and migration. Hunting pigeons requires acute observation, rapid acceleration, and precise talon placement, as these birds are highly agile and capable of quick evasive maneuvers. Eagles often exploit roosting or feeding aggregations to target individuals more efficiently, demonstrating their intelligence and opportunistic hunting behavior.

By consuming pigeons, eagles contribute to the ecological balance within urban ecosystems, indirectly controlling populations of birds that might otherwise compete with native species for resources. Juvenile eagles also learn critical hunting skills by practicing on pigeons, enhancing their aerial coordination, reaction speed, and decision-making abilities, which are essential for survival across diverse habitats and prey types.

17. Doves

Doves are smaller relatives of pigeons that provide eagles with an accessible source of high-quality protein and essential nutrients. Eagles hunting doves rely on stealth, timing, and rapid aerial attacks to successfully capture their prey, as doves are agile and capable of sudden directional changes during flight. These hunting interactions enhance the eagle’s reflexes, coordination, and efficiency, especially for younger birds learning to feed independently. Doves are abundant in many regions, providing a consistent and renewable food source that supports eagle health and reproductive success.

Feeding on doves also contributes to regulating local bird populations, preventing overpopulation and resource depletion, which in turn maintains ecological balance. By mastering the capture of small, fast-flying prey such as doves, eagles develop essential skills that allow them to exploit a wide variety of prey types, reflecting their adaptability and apex predator status in both natural and urban ecosystems.

18. Game Birds (Quail, Grouse, Pheasant)

Game birds, including quail, grouse, and pheasant, are important prey for eagles in grasslands, forests, and farmland regions. These birds are rich in protein and fats, providing substantial energy for sustained flight, hunting, and reproductive activities. Eagles employ ambush tactics, aerial dives, and stealth approaches to capture game birds, often targeting isolated individuals or nests to maximize success while minimizing risk. Hunting game birds requires a combination of speed, strength, and precision, highlighting the eagle’s physical prowess and strategic intelligence.

Consumption of game birds plays a role in regulating populations and maintaining ecosystem balance, preventing overgrazing or depletion of local vegetation by these birds. Juvenile eagles practice hunting smaller game birds under parental supervision, gradually refining their technique and developing essential skills for survival. These interactions emphasize the eagle’s adaptability and role as an apex predator capable of influencing prey population dynamics across multiple terrestrial habitats.

19. Rabbits

Rabbits are a vital source of protein, fats, and energy for eagles, especially in open grasslands and scrubland habitats where these mammals are abundant. Eagles hunting rabbits often use a combination of soaring, stalking, and sudden dives to surprise and capture their prey, demonstrating advanced hunting strategies and physical coordination. Rabbits provide an easily digestible, high-calorie meal that supports energy expenditure for flight, thermoregulation, and parental care. Hunting rabbits also allows eagles to exploit terrestrial prey, complementing their aquatic and avian diet.

The predation of rabbits contributes to controlling their populations, indirectly protecting vegetation and preventing overgrazing, which maintains habitat quality for a variety of species. Juvenile eagles learn to hunt rabbits by observing adults, improving their ability to calculate distances, judge speed, and execute precise talon strikes, skills that are essential for survival across diverse environments. This interaction illustrates the eagle’s ecological role as a versatile predator influencing both prey populations and habitat health.

20. Hares

Hares, similar to rabbits but generally larger and faster, provide eagles with a nutrient-dense meal rich in proteins and essential fats. Hunting hares requires advanced aerial agility, speed, and timing, as these mammals can evade predators with powerful leaps and rapid directional changes. Eagles often target young or injured individuals to balance energy expenditure with caloric intake, showcasing their strategic hunting abilities. The high protein and fat content of hares makes them a valuable food source for adult eagles and their growing young, supporting flight, feather development, and reproductive success.

By preying on hares, eagles help regulate herbivore populations in grasslands and open habitats, preventing overgrazing and supporting plant diversity. Juvenile eagles gradually refine hunting techniques on hares, learning to anticipate movement patterns, adjust swooping angles, and secure prey efficiently. This predation highlights the eagle’s role as an apex predator, capable of influencing multiple trophic levels and contributing to ecosystem stability across terrestrial and semi-open habitats.

21. Squirrels

Squirrels, including tree squirrels and ground squirrels, are highly nutritious prey for eagles, providing protein, fats, and essential nutrients that support energy-intensive activities such as soaring, hunting, and breeding. Eagles often hunt squirrels by perching silently in trees or scanning open areas, waiting for an opportune moment to strike. The ability to time the swoop accurately and grasp the agile, quick-moving squirrel with talons demonstrates the eagle’s precision, coordination, and patience. Squirrels’ quick reflexes and rapid escape routes challenge juvenile eagles to develop agility, accuracy, and strategic thinking, which are essential for survival.

By preying on squirrels, eagles contribute to the regulation of small mammal populations, preventing overconsumption of seeds, nuts, and vegetation that these rodents rely on. This predation indirectly influences forest regeneration and plant diversity. Moreover, squirrels provide a model prey type for young eagles, allowing them to practice and refine hunting skills in a relatively low-risk environment before tackling larger or more dangerous animals.

22. Chipmunks

Chipmunks are small, agile rodents that offer eagles a convenient and protein-rich food source. Hunting chipmunks requires sharp eyesight, patience, and swift execution, as these rodents are highly alert and capable of sudden dashes into burrows or dense vegetation. Eagles often observe chipmunk activity from a distance, assessing movement patterns and selecting isolated individuals to minimize the chance of escape. The energy gained from a successful capture supports vital functions such as thermoregulation, muscle maintenance, and reproductive activity.

Predation on chipmunks helps control populations of these small mammals, which, in turn, benefits local ecosystems by reducing seed predation and allowing more balanced vegetation growth. Juvenile eagles hone their predation skills on chipmunks, learning critical lessons in timing, talon accuracy, and flight coordination. This demonstrates how eagles are apex predators capable of maintaining equilibrium in both forested and open habitats.

23. Rats

Rats are abundant, adaptable rodents that serve as a reliable food source for eagles in both urban and natural settings. Rich in protein and fat, rats provide substantial caloric content to support high-energy behaviors such as hunting, migration, and nesting. Eagles hunting rats often use a combination of perch-hunting, ambush tactics, and sudden swoops to capture them, demonstrating adaptability and opportunistic feeding behavior. The ability to exploit human-modified environments allows eagles to supplement their diet when natural prey is scarce.

By preying on rats, eagles contribute to natural pest control, reducing the potential for overpopulation and the spread of disease in urban and agricultural areas. Juvenile eagles benefit from hunting rats as it enhances their coordination, reflexes, and problem-solving skills. This adaptability highlights the eagle’s role as a versatile apex predator capable of thriving across diverse ecosystems while providing ecological balance.

24. Mice

Mice are small, fast-moving rodents that provide eagles with essential protein and fats. Although individually less nutritious than larger prey, their abundance makes them an important supplement, especially for juvenile eagles honing hunting techniques. Eagles hunting mice must display precise timing, keen eyesight, and rapid strike abilities, often snatching them from open fields or along vegetation edges. The high reproductive rate of mice ensures a steady and renewable prey source that supports eagle populations throughout the year.

Consumption of mice helps control rodent populations, protecting crops and maintaining ecological stability in various habitats. Juvenile eagles practice capturing mice to develop crucial skills, such as calculating flight paths, adjusting swoop angles, and efficiently using talons. This prey type illustrates the eagle’s role as a regulator of small mammal populations, contributing to both ecosystem health and the predator-prey balance in terrestrial environments.

25. Small Mammals (General)

Small mammals, encompassing voles, shrews, and other diminutive rodents, are a consistent and accessible source of nutrition for eagles. They provide concentrated protein, fats, and other essential nutrients necessary for maintaining strength, endurance, and reproductive health. Eagles employ diverse hunting strategies to capture these mammals, including ambushing from elevated perches, soaring to spot movement, and executing precise talon strikes. Mastery of these techniques allows eagles to exploit a wide variety of prey sizes and types.

By regulating small mammal populations, eagles indirectly influence plant communities, prevent overgrazing, and maintain ecosystem stability. Juvenile eagles refine their hunting skills on small mammals, gradually improving timing, accuracy, and coordination. The consumption of small mammals underscores the eagle’s role as a generalist predator, capable of adapting to changing prey availability while sustaining ecosystem equilibrium.

26. Raccoons (Small/Young)

Juvenile raccoons are occasionally targeted by eagles due to their high protein and fat content. Eagles hunting young raccoons must be strategic and precise, as raccoons are agile, strong, and can exhibit defensive behaviors. This predation requires careful planning, stealth, and rapid execution to avoid injury while maximizing caloric intake. The nutritional benefit of a raccoon meal supports energy-intensive activities such as long flights, territorial defense, and breeding.

Predation on raccoons helps regulate their populations, indirectly protecting smaller prey species and maintaining ecosystem balance. Juvenile eagles often learn to capture raccoons under the guidance or observation of adults, refining their strategy, talon strength, and coordination. This demonstrates the eagle’s capacity to take on relatively large and challenging prey while maintaining ecological stability.

27. Opossums (Small/Young)

Young opossums serve as opportunistic prey for eagles, offering a nutrient-dense meal rich in protein and fat. Eagles hunting opossums use careful observation and rapid aerial strikes, taking advantage of the prey’s slower movements compared to adult individuals. The capture provides energy for hunting, migration, and reproductive behaviors. Eagles’ ability to exploit young opossums reflects their adaptability and intelligence in recognizing vulnerable prey within their environment.

Consumption of opossums contributes to controlling local populations, which can reduce competition for food and nesting sites among smaller mammals. Juvenile eagles practice these hunting techniques to develop critical skills, including calculating flight paths, coordinating talon strikes, and assessing prey vulnerability. This highlights the eagle’s ecological role as a regulator of medium-sized mammal populations within forest and woodland ecosystems.

28. Muskrats

Muskrats are semi-aquatic rodents that provide eagles with protein-rich, high-energy prey essential for sustaining long flights and hunting activity. Eagles often target muskrats in marshes, wetlands, and riverbanks, requiring careful timing and precision to capture them near water surfaces or lodges. This hunting process demonstrates the eagle’s versatility, as it can adapt to both terrestrial and aquatic prey. Muskrats’ high-fat content is particularly beneficial during winter months when energy demands are higher.

By preying on muskrats, eagles influence wetland population dynamics, contributing to ecological balance and supporting healthy aquatic plant growth by regulating herbivorous rodent populations. Juvenile eagles learn to exploit muskrats as prey, honing skills in stealth, observation, and talon precision, reinforcing their role as apex predators in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

29. Snakes

Snakes, ranging from small garter snakes to larger non-venomous species, provide eagles with essential proteins, fats, and micronutrients. Eagles hunting snakes rely on keen eyesight, rapid strikes, and the ability to avoid defensive bites or thrashing movements. This prey type challenges the eagle’s agility, reflexes, and problem-solving abilities, making it an important component of skill development for juveniles. The consumption of snakes supports energy demands and contributes to overall health, particularly during breeding and molting periods.

By preying on snakes, eagles help regulate reptile populations, indirectly protecting small mammal populations and balancing ecosystem interactions. Juvenile eagles refine their predation techniques on snakes, practicing timing, talon placement, and risk assessment, which prepares them to hunt more challenging prey. This demonstrates the eagle’s versatility as a predator capable of exploiting diverse food sources to maintain ecological equilibrium.

30. Lizards

Lizards provide a readily available source of protein and nutrients for eagles, especially in arid, semi-arid, and rocky habitats. Hunting lizards requires keen observation, quick reflexes, and precise talon strikes, as these reptiles are often small, fast-moving, and capable of sudden escapes into crevices or vegetation. Eagles’ ability to capture lizards demonstrates their adaptability, intelligence, and skill in targeting diverse prey species across varying environments.

Predation on lizards contributes to controlling small reptile populations, preventing overpopulation, and supporting ecological balance. Juvenile eagles benefit from hunting lizards, as it helps them develop coordination, timing, and strategic hunting techniques. By exploiting lizards and other small reptiles, eagles reinforce their role as apex predators capable of influencing multiple trophic levels and maintaining biodiversity across their habitats.

31. Turtles (Small)

Small turtles are a nutritious and occasionally targeted prey item for eagles, offering a high-protein meal along with essential minerals from the shell and meat. Eagles hunting turtles often use their sharp talons and strong beaks to grasp and manipulate the hard-shelled prey, sometimes dropping them from heights to crack the shell open. This method showcases the eagle’s problem-solving ability, intelligence, and resourcefulness in accessing food that other predators might avoid.

By preying on turtles, eagles help regulate local turtle populations, maintaining balance in freshwater ecosystems and controlling potential overgrazing of aquatic vegetation. Juvenile eagles develop valuable hunting and handling skills by practicing with small turtles, learning how to calculate drop heights, manage grip, and safely consume a prey species that presents physical defenses, further highlighting the eagle’s role as a versatile apex predator.

32. Amphibians (Frogs, Toads)

Amphibians such as frogs and toads provide eagles with protein, water, and essential nutrients, particularly in wetland and riparian habitats. Eagles hunting amphibians often perch silently near ponds, marshes, or riverbanks, striking quickly when movement is detected. These small, agile prey require precise timing, coordination, and rapid response, which help young eagles refine their hunting techniques. Additionally, amphibians are abundant and seasonally available, offering a consistent food source during wet seasons.

Consumption of amphibians helps control their populations, which can prevent excessive predation on aquatic invertebrates and maintain wetland ecosystem balance. Hunting amphibians also introduces juveniles to smaller, more nimble prey, training them for future encounters with similarly fast or elusive animals. The inclusion of amphibians in the diet demonstrates the eagle’s opportunistic and adaptable feeding strategy across diverse habitats.

33. Crabs

Crabs, particularly those in estuarine, coastal, or tidal zones, are an occasional but valuable prey item for eagles. They provide protein, minerals, and energy while presenting unique challenges due to their hard exoskeletons and defensive claws. Eagles hunting crabs often target individuals in shallow water, quickly snatching them with talons and sometimes dropping them from a height to crack the shell. This behavior illustrates the eagle’s intelligence and ability to innovate techniques for handling structurally protected prey.

By consuming crabs, eagles contribute to the regulation of intertidal and estuarine ecosystems, indirectly affecting populations of smaller invertebrates and plant matter. Juvenile eagles practicing crab hunting develop dexterity, problem-solving skills, and an understanding of how to manipulate different types of prey. This highlights the eagle’s ecological versatility and its role in balancing food webs across multiple environments.

34. Shrimp

Shrimp, found in freshwater and coastal habitats, offer eagles a high-protein, mineral-rich food source. Eagles typically hunt shrimp in shallow waters or along the water’s edge, using their talons to swiftly grab and lift the prey. This feeding behavior requires sharp eyesight, precise timing, and careful manipulation to prevent escape. Shrimp provide essential nutrients for muscle function, flight endurance, and overall metabolic activity.

Predation on shrimp helps regulate crustacean populations, which indirectly influences the abundance of algae and other small aquatic organisms. Young eagles learning to catch shrimp practice timing, coordination, and depth perception, skills that are transferable to other aquatic prey. Incorporating shrimp into the diet demonstrates the eagle’s opportunistic hunting approach and its ecological impact across both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

35. Insects (Grasshoppers, Beetles)

Insects such as grasshoppers and beetles serve as accessible and nutrient-rich prey for eagles, especially for juveniles or during periods of prey scarcity. These insects provide protein and essential micronutrients that support growth, energy expenditure, and flight activity. Eagles often capture insects by perching and waiting for movement or by hovering and snatching prey from vegetation. Hunting insects develops agility, reflexes, and precision in young eagles.

By consuming insects, eagles help control populations of herbivorous species that may damage crops or natural vegetation. This role supports ecosystem stability and maintains a balanced food web. Hunting insects also illustrates the eagle’s opportunistic feeding behavior, as it can switch between large mammals, birds, and small invertebrates based on availability, demonstrating adaptability across diverse habitats.

36. Earthworms

Earthworms, while small, provide essential proteins and micronutrients that contribute to the diet of eagles in specific habitats, such as moist forests or agricultural fields. Eagles typically locate earthworms by foraging on the ground, using vision to detect movement and talons to extract them from the soil. Although individually minor in caloric contribution, earthworms serve as an important supplementary food source, particularly for juvenile or opportunistic eagles exploring new feeding strategies.

Consumption of earthworms benefits ecosystems by indirectly influencing soil health and nutrient cycling, as predation helps balance populations of soil-dwelling organisms. Juvenile eagles hunting earthworms develop dexterity, patience, and observation skills, which are critical for learning to capture more challenging prey. This demonstrates the eagle’s versatility and adaptability in exploiting both terrestrial and subterranean food sources.

37. Eggs (Bird Eggs)

Bird eggs are a high-protein, nutrient-dense food source for eagles, often targeted during the breeding season of other bird species. Eagles locate nests and use sharp talons and beaks to break eggshells and consume the contents. This type of predation requires strategic observation, careful approach, and rapid execution to avoid detection and ensure success. Eggs provide essential nutrients to support reproduction, growth, and energy-intensive activities such as long flights.

By consuming eggs, eagles influence the reproductive success of other bird species, contributing to population control and ecosystem balance. Hunting eggs also helps juveniles practice precision, patience, and strategic thinking, skills that are vital for future hunting of mobile prey. This demonstrates the eagle’s opportunistic behavior and its ability to exploit diverse, nutrient-rich resources in its environment.

38. Carrion (Dead Animals)

Carcasses and scavenged animals provide eagles with an important alternative food source, especially during harsh weather or periods of prey scarcity. Feeding on carrion requires keen eyesight to detect dead animals from a distance, rapid flight to reach the carcass before competitors, and strategic feeding to avoid threats. Carrion offers high-protein, high-fat content and provides essential nutrients without the energy expenditure required for hunting live prey.

By consuming carrion, eagles contribute to ecosystem cleanliness and nutrient recycling, helping to prevent disease spread and promote decomposition. Juvenile eagles learn to locate and feed on carrion, developing critical survival skills and an understanding of opportunistic feeding. This reinforces the eagle’s role as both predator and scavenger, capable of maintaining ecological balance across multiple trophic levels.

39. Scavenged Fish

Scavenged fish, such as those washed ashore or caught dead in rivers, provide eagles with a readily available source of protein and essential fatty acids. Eagles often locate scavenged fish by flying along water bodies, observing movement or discoloration in water, or exploiting human fishing areas. This food source is particularly valuable when live fish are scarce or during winter months when hunting live prey is more challenging.

Consumption of scavenged fish helps maintain ecological balance by removing dead aquatic animals and reducing the spread of disease. Juvenile eagles develop opportunistic feeding skills by scavenging, learning to identify potential food sources, assess risk, and feed efficiently. This demonstrates the eagle’s intelligence, adaptability, and vital ecological role as a flexible apex predator.

40. Scavenged Mammals

Scavenged mammals, including roadkill or naturally deceased animals, serve as an essential food resource for eagles when live prey is less accessible. These animals provide concentrated protein, fat, and minerals, supporting eagles’ energy demands for flight, thermoregulation, and reproduction. Feeding on scavenged mammals requires keen observation, quick flight response, and cautious approach to avoid competition from other scavengers, illustrating the eagle’s strategic and adaptable feeding behavior.

By consuming scavenged mammals, eagles perform a critical ecological service, recycling nutrients, and reducing disease risks in their habitats. Juvenile eagles learn to locate, evaluate, and feed on scavenged mammals, honing survival skills and preparing for periods of food scarcity. This underscores the eagle’s dual role as predator and scavenger, highlighting its adaptability, intelligence, and importance in ecosystem management.

Conclusion: What Do Eagles Eat?

Eagles are remarkable apex predators with an incredibly diverse and adaptable diet, ranging from fish, waterfowl, and small mammals to insects, amphibians, and scavenged carrion. Their ability to exploit such a wide variety of food sources allows them to thrive in a multitude of habitats, including rivers, lakes, forests, grasslands, and coastal areas. By consuming both live prey and scavenged items, eagles demonstrate impressive hunting versatility and opportunistic feeding strategies, which are critical for survival during seasonal fluctuations and periods of scarcity.

The dietary choices of eagles not only meet their nutritional needs—providing protein, fats, minerals, and essential nutrients—but also play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. Through predation and scavenging, eagles help regulate populations of fish, birds, mammals, and invertebrates, control potential pest outbreaks, and facilitate nutrient recycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Their diet impacts food webs, population dynamics, and ecosystem health, highlighting eagles as essential keystone species.

Final Insights

Understanding what eagles eat offers critical insights into their behavior, habitat requirements, and conservation needs. Juvenile eagles develop essential survival skills by practicing hunting techniques across a range of prey, learning problem-solving, precision, and adaptability. Seasonal diet shifts, such as increased scavenging in winter or amphibian hunting during wet months, illustrate how eagles adjust to environmental changes. Conservation efforts must consider prey availability, habitat preservation, and minimizing human-wildlife conflicts to support healthy eagle populations.

Recommendations and Tips for Observing Eagle Feeding Habits

Observe eagles in their natural habitats, such as near lakes, rivers, and wetlands, to witness their hunting and scavenging behaviors.
Pay attention to seasonal prey availability; eagles often switch from fish to mammals, birds, or insects depending on what is abundant.
Respect wildlife guidelines and maintain a safe distance to avoid disturbing hunting or feeding activities.
Support conservation initiatives that protect natural habitats and prey populations to ensure eagles have access to diverse food sources.
Documenting eagle feeding behavior can help researchers track dietary trends, migration patterns, and ecosystem health.

Frequently Asked Questions About Eagles

1. What do eagles eat?

Eagles primarily feed on fish, birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and occasionally carrion. Their diet varies depending on habitat, season, and prey availability.

2. Do eagles eat only live prey?

No, eagles are opportunistic feeders and will scavenge dead animals, including fish and mammals, especially during winter or when live prey is scarce.

3. How much food does an eagle eat per day?

Adult eagles generally consume about 0.5 to 1 kg (1–2 pounds) of food daily, but this can vary depending on prey size, activity, and season.

4. What is the favorite prey of bald eagles?

Bald eagles favor fish such as salmon, trout, and catfish, but they will also hunt waterfowl, small mammals, and occasionally scavenge carcasses.

5. Do golden eagles eat fish?

Golden eagles usually hunt terrestrial prey like rabbits, squirrels, and small deer, but in some regions they may also consume fish opportunistically.

6. Can eagles eat reptiles?

Yes, eagles feed on snakes, lizards, and small turtles, especially when other prey is limited or in regions where reptiles are abundant.

7. Do eagles eat amphibians?

Eagles can consume frogs, toads, and other amphibians, though these are less common in their diet compared to fish and mammals.

8. Do eagles eat insects?

Yes, especially young or smaller eagles, which may feed on grasshoppers, beetles, and other insects when larger prey is unavailable.

9. Do eagles eat eggs?

Eagles may raid nests to eat bird eggs, particularly waterfowl or ground-nesting species, providing an important protein source.

10. Do eagles eat carrion?

Yes, eagles are known to scavenge dead animals, including fish, mammals, and birds, especially in winter or during food shortages.

11. Do eagles eat small mammals?

Eagles commonly hunt rabbits, hares, squirrels, rats, and mice. These animals are a significant part of their diet in forests and grasslands.

12. Do eagles eat raccoons?

Large eagles may prey on small or young raccoons, particularly in areas where other prey is scarce.

13. Do eagles eat muskrats?

Yes, muskrats are commonly hunted by eagles in wetlands and rivers, providing high protein content.

14. Do eagles eat pigeons and doves?

Eagles hunt pigeons, doves, and other medium-sized birds, often catching them in flight using their sharp talons.

15. Do eagles eat waterfowl?

Eagles feed on ducks, geese, swans, and other waterfowl, often taking young or weak individuals.

16. Do eagles eat gulls and cormorants?

Seabird-eating eagles may consume gulls and cormorants along coasts or lakes where these birds are plentiful.

17. Do eagles eat game birds?

Yes, quail, grouse, and pheasants are often part of an eagle’s diet in forested or grassland habitats.

18. Do eagles eat rabbits and hares?

Rabbits and hares are common prey, especially for golden eagles in open fields and grasslands.

19. Do eagles eat squirrels and chipmunks?

Yes, small tree-dwelling mammals like squirrels and chipmunks are often hunted in forested areas.

20. Do eagles eat snakes?

Yes, eagles catch snakes, especially non-venomous species, as part of their opportunistic hunting habits.

21. Do eagles eat lizards?

Yes, small lizards may be captured and eaten, particularly by juvenile eagles or in dry regions.

22. Do eagles eat turtles?

Eagles can prey on small turtles, often targeting them in shallow waters or during nesting seasons.

23. Do eagles eat crabs and shrimp?

Yes, coastal and estuarine eagles sometimes feed on crabs, shrimp, and other aquatic invertebrates.

24. Do eagles eat earthworms?

Earthworms may be consumed occasionally, especially by younger eagles or invertebrate-rich habitats.

25. Do eagles eat plant matter?

Eagles are primarily carnivorous, but they may incidentally ingest plant matter when consuming prey with stomach contents.

26. How do eagles hunt?

Eagles hunt using sharp eyesight, powerful talons, and beaks to capture prey from air or water. They often swoop or dive to catch fish or small mammals.

27. Do eagles steal food from other birds?

Yes, known as kleptoparasitism, eagles sometimes steal fish or prey from smaller raptors or birds in coastal and river habitats.

28. Do eagles eat young mammals?

Yes, juvenile mammals like raccoons, opossums, or small rodents are often easier to catch and provide high nutritional value.

29. Do eagles eat domestic animals?

Rarely, some large eagles may prey on chickens, rabbits, or other small livestock if natural prey is scarce.

30. Do eagles eat carrion year-round?

Eagles may scavenge more frequently during winter or droughts when hunting live prey becomes challenging.

31. How do eagles eat fish?

Eagles swoop down, grab fish with strong talons, and tear them apart with their sharp beaks before swallowing in pieces.

32. How do eagles eat birds?

Eagles grab birds in flight or on the ground, using talons to immobilize and beaks to tear flesh into manageable pieces.

33. How do eagles eat mammals?

Small mammals are captured with talons, killed quickly, and eaten by tearing flesh into strips suitable for swallowing.

34. How do eagles eat amphibians and reptiles?

Frogs, toads, snakes, and lizards are seized with talons, often shaken to immobilize, and swallowed whole or in pieces.

35. Do eagles eat eggs from nests?

Yes, they often raid nests of waterfowl or ground birds, consuming eggs as a protein-rich supplement to their diet.

36. Do eagles eat in groups?

Mostly solitary feeders, but eagles may scavenge in small groups at abundant food sources like fish kills or carcasses.

37. Do eagles eat carrion after other predators?

Yes, they are opportunistic and will feed on leftovers from wolves, foxes, or larger predators to save energy on hunting.

38. Do young eagles eat the same as adults?

Juvenile eagles may rely more on insects, small mammals, and easy-to-catch prey while learning hunting skills before taking larger prey.

39. How important is fish in an eagle’s diet?

Fish are often the primary food source for bald eagles, providing essential proteins and fats necessary for energy and reproduction.

40. How important are small mammals?

Small mammals supplement diet diversity, ensuring protein intake when fish or birds are less abundant.

41. Can eagles survive only on scavenged food?

Yes, eagles can survive for periods feeding primarily on carrion, though live prey provides higher nutritional value for long-term health.

42. Do eagles eat at night?

Eagles are diurnal, hunting mostly during the day when their vision is most effective, though they may consume scavenged food at dusk.

43. Do eagles eat in winter?

Yes, eagles adapt by scavenging carrion, hunting overwintering waterfowl, or feeding on mammals exposed by snow cover.

44. Do eagles eat in urban areas?

In urban or suburban areas, eagles may feed on pigeons, rats, or fish from artificial ponds but typically avoid highly developed zones.

45. How fast can eagles eat?

Eagles can consume prey quickly, tearing apart fish or small mammals in minutes to reduce the risk of theft by other predators or scavengers.

46. Do eagles eat nuts or seeds?

Eagles rarely consume nuts or seeds; they are strictly carnivorous, though incidental ingestion may occur when consuming prey with stomach contents.

47. Do eagles eat frogs?

Yes, frogs are occasionally preyed upon, especially by young eagles or in wetlands rich in amphibians.

48. Do eagles eat crabs?

Coastal and estuarine eagles sometimes capture crabs and other crustaceans for nutrition and variety in diet.

49. Can eagles eat scavenged fish?

Yes, scavenged fish from lakes, rivers, or fishing by humans provide energy-rich meals without requiring hunting effort.

50. Can eagles eat scavenged mammals?

Yes, eagles will opportunistically feed on dead mammals, including deer, small rodents, or farm animals, when available.

51. Do eagles eat insects in winter?

Insects are generally unavailable in winter; eagles rely more on mammals, birds, fish, and carrion during colder months.

52. Do eagles eat tadpoles?

Tadpoles may be eaten occasionally, though adult amphibians are more common prey than larvae.