Idaho’s diverse landscapes—from rugged mountains to expansive prairies—are home to an impressive variety of squirrels. Whether you are hiking through pine forests, exploring high desert plains, or simply watching your backyard feeders, chances are you will encounter some of these agile and fascinating creatures. In this guide, we’ll explore 18 types of squirrels in Idaho, highlighting their physical traits, behaviors, habitats, diets, reproduction, and interactions with humans. This article is crafted for beginner-friendly reading while providing deep insights for wildlife enthusiasts, naturalists, and anyone curious about Idaho’s small mammal residents.
1. American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The American Red Squirrel is a small, feisty tree squirrel measuring roughly 7–9 inches in body length with a tail adding another 6–7 inches. Adults weigh between 6–8 ounces. Their fur is a rich reddish-brown on the back, contrasting with creamy underparts. One key identification feature is their conspicuous white eye ring, giving them an alert, wide-eyed appearance. Males and females look alike, and their slender bodies combined with bushy tails make them acrobatic climbers.
Behavior
These squirrels are energetic and highly territorial. They defend small patches of forest aggressively, chasing intruders with rapid leaps and vocal warnings. Red squirrels are diurnal, most active during early morning and late afternoon. They frequently drum their hind feet to warn neighbors or establish dominance. Unlike some squirrels, they do not glide; instead, they skillfully leap between branches with impressive precision, displaying acrobatics that can mesmerize observers.
Habitat and Range
Red squirrels are common across Idaho’s coniferous forests, favoring areas with dense stands of pine, spruce, or fir. They build leaf nests (dreys) in tree branches or utilize cavities in old trees. Conifer seed availability largely determines population densities, and they are especially abundant where pine cone crops are plentiful. In urban or suburban Idaho, they may adapt to parks and wooded neighborhoods.
Diet
These squirrels are primarily herbivorous but opportunistic. Pine seeds, cones, berries, and nuts dominate their diet. They are known for creating caches, storing cones under bark, in trees, or underground for winter. Occasionally, they will consume insects or bird eggs if food is scarce. Their habit of caching seeds plays a vital ecological role, aiding forest regeneration.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
American Red Squirrels breed twice annually, with litters of 2–5 pups born after a gestation of roughly 35 days. Young are born hairless and blind, remaining in the nest for about 5 weeks. Adults live up to 5 years in the wild, though predation and harsh winters often limit lifespan. Mothers are attentive, teaching young how to cache food and recognize territorial boundaries.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
These squirrels are known for their vocalizations—loud “kee-kee-kee” calls often echo through Idaho’s forests. They can leap over 10 feet from tree to tree, and some researchers note that their remarkable memory aids in recovering hidden caches months later. Watching a red squirrel in action is like seeing a tiny, fiery acrobat with endless energy.
Human Interaction
Red squirrels rarely pose problems for humans. They occasionally raid bird feeders or chew on wooden structures but generally maintain a healthy distance. Wildlife enthusiasts enjoy spotting them in the wild, and their presence indicates a thriving conifer forest ecosystem. Providing bird feeders or leaving natural pinecones can help attract them safely for observation.
2. Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Eastern Gray Squirrel is medium-sized, with adults ranging from 16–20 inches including the tail, weighing 14–21 ounces. Their fur is gray with white underparts, though some Idaho populations exhibit brownish hues. They have bushy tails that assist with balance, communication, and warmth. Large eyes positioned on the sides of the head provide excellent peripheral vision. Distinguishing them from Fox Squirrels requires attention to size and coloration, as grays are slightly smaller and less orange-toned.
Behavior
Eastern Gray Squirrels are versatile and adaptable, known for clever foraging strategies. They are diurnal, feeding actively during daylight. Often, they demonstrate problem-solving abilities when accessing bird feeders or food caches. They use vocalizations, tail flicks, and body postures to communicate threats or territorial claims. Their agility in climbing and jumping allows them to navigate trees and urban obstacles with remarkable ease.
Habitat and Range
Gray squirrels thrive in forests, suburban areas, and city parks. In Idaho, they are primarily located in areas with abundant oak and deciduous trees, though they adapt well to conifer forests when food sources are adequate. They build leaf nests or occupy abandoned woodpecker cavities. The species is relatively adaptable, often coexisting with humans in residential neighborhoods.
Diet
They are primarily herbivores, feeding on acorns, nuts, berries, buds, and seeds. Eastern Gray Squirrels are famous for caching food in hundreds of small hidden locations, using memory and scent to retrieve them later. Occasionally, they consume fungi, insects, and bird eggs. This caching behavior contributes to forest regeneration by unintentionally planting seeds.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Gray squirrels breed twice a year, producing litters of 2–4 pups. Gestation lasts around 44 days. Young remain in the nest for 8–10 weeks, gradually learning to forage and climb. Adults live approximately 6 years in the wild. Survival rates depend on predator pressures, food availability, and winter severity.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Gray squirrels are known for their playful antics, often seen chasing each other through tree canopies. They are excellent swimmers and climbers, adapting to various terrains. Their intelligence and memory are notable, allowing them to remember hundreds of buried food locations with astonishing accuracy.
Human Interaction
Gray squirrels often interact with humans in urban and suburban settings. While they sometimes raid bird feeders or chew on wiring, they are generally harmless and entertaining. Observing them provides insight into urban wildlife adaptation and forest ecology. Planting oak trees or leaving natural food sources supports their populations sustainably.
3. Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Fox Squirrels are Idaho’s largest tree squirrels, measuring 18–26 inches with bushy tails and weighing 1–2 pounds. Their fur is typically reddish-brown on the back with pale or yellowish undersides, and some populations show dark, almost black, tail tips. They have long, powerful limbs for leaping between branches. Identifying features include size, reddish coloration, and robust body compared with the smaller gray squirrels.
Behavior
Fox Squirrels are diurnal and highly active, spending the day foraging for nuts, seeds, and fruits. They are less aggressive than American Red Squirrels but can be territorial. Their large size allows them to dominate feeding areas, and they use vocalizations, tail flicks, and chase behaviors to communicate. Unlike flying squirrels, they rely solely on climbing and leaping to navigate their arboreal environment.
Habitat and Range
Fox Squirrels inhabit deciduous forests, open woodlands, and urban areas with large trees. In Idaho, they are more common in lower-elevation forests with oak, hickory, or maple. They build large leaf nests (dreys) in tree branches or occupy tree cavities. Open areas interspersed with forest patches are ideal for foraging and movement.
Diet
These squirrels are primarily herbivorous, consuming acorns, nuts, seeds, fruits, and occasionally fungi. They also cache food for winter months. Their foraging contributes to seed dispersal and forest health. Fox Squirrels sometimes supplement their diet with insects or bird eggs if available.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Fox Squirrels breed once or twice annually depending on food availability. Litter sizes range from 2–5 pups with a gestation period of 44 days. Young stay in the nest for several weeks before emerging to learn climbing, foraging, and caching. Adults can live 6–8 years in the wild, though predation and harsh winters affect survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Fox Squirrels are agile, capable of long leaps and impressive climbs. They are excellent at remembering food cache locations and may move stored food to confuse potential pilferers. Their large size and vivid coloration make them a favorite among wildlife photographers and naturalists.
Human Interaction
Fox Squirrels occasionally raid bird feeders and gardens but are largely harmless. They adapt well to suburban life, often seen in parks and yards with mature trees. Observing their interactions, vocalizations, and acrobatics can be educational and entertaining, highlighting the adaptability of Idaho’s tree squirrels.
4. Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Northern Flying Squirrels are medium-sized nocturnal rodents measuring 9–10 inches in body length with a tail of about 7–9 inches, weighing 2–4 ounces. Their fur is soft and brownish-gray with a pale belly. The most remarkable feature is the patagium—a thin membrane stretching from wrist to ankle—allowing them to glide between trees silently. Large, dark eyes adapted for low-light conditions help them navigate Idaho’s dense forests at night.
Behavior
Unlike diurnal squirrels, Northern Flying Squirrels are mostly active after sunset. They glide effortlessly from tree to tree, covering distances of up to 90 feet in a single jump. Social behavior is limited but includes communal nesting during cold months. They are cautious foragers, relying on stealth and speed to avoid nocturnal predators such as owls and martens. Their quiet lifestyle and gliding abilities make them elusive, often spotted only by keen observers.
Habitat and Range
They prefer coniferous and mixed forests in northern and central Idaho, especially areas with old trees and abundant snags. Nesting sites include tree cavities, abandoned woodpecker holes, and dens lined with leaves and fur. Their distribution depends on forest continuity and availability of suitable nesting sites.
Diet
Northern Flying Squirrels are omnivorous, feeding on seeds, nuts, fungi (particularly truffles), lichens, and occasionally insects. They are vital for forest ecosystems as they help disperse fungal spores, which maintain symbiotic relationships with tree roots. Seasonal changes influence their diet, with stored seeds supporting winter survival.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs once or twice per year. Females produce litters of 2–4 pups after a gestation of about 44 days. The young are altricial and remain in the nest for several weeks before venturing out. Adults can live up to 6 years, but survival depends heavily on predation and environmental factors. Communal nesting helps conserve warmth during harsh winters.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Northern Flying Squirrels are silent gliders, moving almost like living kites through forest canopies. Their ability to glide helps them escape predators and efficiently search for food. Their keen nocturnal vision and sense of smell make them excellent at locating hidden fungal resources.
Human Interaction
They rarely interact with humans directly, though some may explore attics or cabins near forests. Conservationists value their ecological role in maintaining forest health through fungal spore dispersal. Spotting them requires patience, night vision, or listening for their subtle squeaks during nighttime hikes.
5. White-tailed Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
White-tailed Antelope Squirrels are small desert-adapted rodents, measuring 7–9 inches long with tails adding 3–5 inches. Their fur is sandy-gray or light brown, blending with arid Idaho landscapes. A distinctive white underside and white-tipped tail, often flicked while moving, aid identification. Limbs are slender but strong, suited for rapid sprinting across open terrain.
Behavior
Unlike tree squirrels, this species is terrestrial and diurnal, most active during cooler morning and late afternoon hours. They exhibit alert, jerky movements, pausing frequently to scan for predators. They dig shallow burrows for shelter and retreat when threatened. Adaptations to arid conditions include remaining in burrows during peak heat and reducing water loss through efficient kidney function.
Habitat and Range
They inhabit dry, rocky, and sandy areas in southwestern Idaho, including desert plains and shrublands. Burrows provide protection from heat and predators. Their territories are typically limited to a few acres, with food resources influencing movement patterns. These squirrels thrive in sparsely vegetated environments where agility and speed are essential for survival.
Diet
White-tailed Antelope Squirrels are primarily herbivorous, feeding on seeds, grasses, and small plants. They also consume insects for protein, especially during summer. Unlike some tree squirrels, they do not cache food extensively but may hide seeds near burrow entrances. Their foraging helps control plant populations and provides prey for desert predators.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding typically occurs once annually, with 3–6 pups born after about 28–30 days of gestation. The young are weaned quickly due to the harsh desert environment. Lifespan is generally 2–4 years in the wild, with predation by birds of prey, snakes, and foxes being a primary limiting factor. Survival depends heavily on burrow availability and foraging efficiency.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
These squirrels often appear to “dance” while alert, flicking their tails and standing upright. They can survive extreme desert conditions and are known for their remarkable speed and agility. Their behavior is an elegant adaptation to sparse, open habitats where hiding places are limited.
Human Interaction
Human encounters are uncommon due to their desert habitat. However, they occasionally forage in agricultural fields. Observers enjoy watching their energetic movements and survival strategies. Conservation of arid habitats benefits this species as well as other desert wildlife.
6. Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is a medium-sized terrestrial squirrel measuring 9–11 inches with a 4–6 inch tail, weighing 4–8 ounces. Their striking markings include a golden-brown mantle over the shoulders and five dark stripes on the back separated by pale stripes. Unlike chipmunks, their cheeks lack the dark facial stripes, providing a clear field identification clue.
Behavior
These ground squirrels are diurnal and highly alert, spending considerable time standing on hind legs to scan for predators. They are energetic foragers, often observed running in zigzag patterns to avoid detection. They dig burrows for shelter and hibernation. Unlike tree squirrels, they rarely climb and rely on speed and burrow networks for protection.
Habitat and Range
Golden-mantled Ground Squirrels inhabit mountainous areas of Idaho, favoring forests, rocky slopes, and open meadows. Burrows are dug into well-drained soil with separate chambers for nesting and food storage. They are adaptable but require proximity to vegetation for foraging and rocks or logs for predator cover.
Diet
They are omnivorous, consuming seeds, nuts, berries, insects, and occasionally small vertebrates. They store seeds and nuts in burrows for winter consumption. By dispersing seeds during foraging, they aid in ecosystem regeneration. Seasonal shifts influence their diet, with insects supplementing protein in summer and plant material dominating in fall.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs shortly after spring emergence from hibernation. Litters of 3–8 pups are born after roughly 28–30 days. Juveniles stay in the nest for several weeks before emerging to forage. Lifespan ranges from 4–6 years in the wild, with predation and environmental conditions influencing survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Golden-mantled Ground Squirrels often use alarm calls to warn colony members. Their hibernation and caching behaviors are crucial adaptations to mountain environments. Their striking golden mantle and bold stripes make them one of Idaho’s most visually appealing ground squirrels.
Human Interaction
They rarely conflict with humans, though they may feed in campgrounds or gardens near forests. Observing their alert behaviors, social interactions, and foraging provides insights into mountain ecosystems and the life of terrestrial squirrels in Idaho.
7. Northern Idaho Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus brunneus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Northern Idaho Ground Squirrel is a small, terrestrial species measuring 7–9 inches in body length with a short, bushy tail of 2–3 inches, weighing 4–6 ounces. Their fur is predominantly brown with a subtle gray tinge and creamy underparts. Unlike many tree squirrels, their coloration is adapted for camouflage in grasslands and open meadows. Identification is aided by their compact size and faintly striped back.
Behavior
These squirrels are diurnal and highly social within family groups, often seen standing upright on hind legs, scanning for predators. They communicate using high-pitched alarm calls and tail flicks. They dig extensive burrow systems with multiple chambers for nesting, food storage, and escape routes. Hibernation plays a critical role in their life cycle, with adults and juveniles entering a long winter dormancy.
Habitat and Range
Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels are endemic to southwestern Idaho, primarily in open grasslands, prairies, and agricultural edges. They prefer areas with loose soil for burrowing and nearby vegetation for food. Habitat fragmentation and human development have restricted their historical range, making conservation efforts vital for their survival.
Diet
These ground squirrels are herbivorous, feeding on grasses, seeds, roots, and forbs. Occasionally, they may nibble on insects. Seasonal changes affect their diet, with spring and summer focused on green vegetation and fall on seeds and storage for hibernation. Their foraging helps control plant populations and contributes to nutrient cycling in grassland ecosystems.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs in early spring after emerging from hibernation. Litter sizes range from 3–7 pups after a gestation of about 28 days. Juveniles develop quickly and prepare for hibernation by early fall. Adult lifespan in the wild is typically 3–4 years, heavily influenced by predation, food availability, and habitat quality.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels hibernate for up to seven months, one of the longest hibernation periods for North American ground squirrels. Their burrow networks can span several meters, providing safety from predators. Their alert postures and vocal signals make them fascinating subjects for wildlife observers and ecologists studying grassland ecosystems.
Human Interaction
Human activity, such as agriculture and urban expansion, affects their habitats. Conservation programs aim to protect remnant populations. Educating locals about their ecological importance—such as seed dispersal and soil aeration—helps reduce conflict and promotes coexistence.
8. Southern Idaho Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus endemicus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Southern Idaho Ground Squirrel is similar in size to its northern cousin, measuring 7–9 inches with a 2–3 inch tail, and weighing around 4–7 ounces. Its fur is light brown to grayish, blending with Idaho’s southern grasslands. Unlike tree squirrels, their compact body and short tail are suited for rapid terrestrial movement and burrowing. Identification often relies on location and habitat, as coloration is subtle.
Behavior
These squirrels are diurnal and highly active in morning and late afternoon hours, retreating to burrows during peak heat. They are social within family groups, using chirps and tail signals to communicate. Burrow systems include multiple entrances and chambers for nesting, food storage, and predator evasion. Hibernation is critical, with adults entering dormancy for several months during winter.
Habitat and Range
Southern Idaho Ground Squirrels are restricted to the Snake River Plain and surrounding grasslands. They prefer open fields with low vegetation and well-drained soils. Habitat degradation from farming and urbanization has fragmented populations, making conservation efforts important. They adapt to limited human presence but rely on native grasslands for survival.
Diet
These ground squirrels feed on grasses, wildflowers, seeds, and occasional insects. Their herbivorous diet shifts seasonally, with spring focusing on fresh vegetation and fall on seed collection for hibernation. By consuming and storing seeds, they contribute to plant population dynamics and maintain ecological balance.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs shortly after spring emergence from hibernation. Litters of 3–6 pups are born following a gestation of about 28 days. Juveniles rapidly develop and prepare for winter dormancy. Adult lifespan is typically 3–5 years, with predation from raptors, foxes, and snakes being primary mortality factors.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Southern Idaho Ground Squirrels exhibit highly alert behavior, standing upright and flicking tails when scanning for predators. Their burrowing and hibernation strategies are impressive adaptations to semi-arid grasslands. Observing their communal social behavior offers insight into the dynamics of Idaho’s ground squirrel populations.
Human Interaction
These squirrels occasionally feed in cultivated fields, which can lead to minor conflicts with farmers. However, they are an essential component of grassland ecosystems. Conservation programs emphasize habitat preservation and public education to reduce human-wildlife conflicts.
9. Uinta Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus armatus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Uinta Ground Squirrel is medium-sized, with adults measuring 8–10 inches long, a 2–3 inch tail, and weighing 5–8 ounces. Its fur is brown to grayish-buff with faint dorsal stripes. Its compact body, short legs, and strong claws are perfect for digging extensive burrows. Distinctive facial markings and tail coloration help distinguish it from other Urocitellus species in Idaho.
Behavior
Uinta Ground Squirrels are diurnal and highly alert, frequently standing on hind legs while scanning for predators. They are energetic foragers, often moving quickly across open terrain. Alarm calls and tail flicks are used to warn colony members. They hibernate for several months, entering burrows with multiple chambers for nesting, food storage, and safety from predators.
Habitat and Range
These squirrels are found in southwestern and central Idaho, typically inhabiting open meadows, mountain foothills, and sagebrush flats. They require loose, well-drained soils for burrowing and access to vegetation for food. Rocky outcrops and shrubs near burrows provide additional protection from predators.
Diet
Uinta Ground Squirrels feed primarily on grasses, seeds, and wildflowers. Insects and other small invertebrates supplement their diet in summer. Food storage is limited, as hibernation often coincides with reduced food availability. Their foraging behavior helps regulate plant populations and supports the local food web.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs in early spring post-hibernation. Litters of 3–6 pups are born after a 28–30 day gestation. Juveniles grow quickly, preparing for hibernation by late summer. Lifespan averages 4–5 years in the wild, with survival influenced by predation and environmental conditions.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Uinta Ground Squirrels hibernate deeply, relying on fat reserves accumulated during summer. They are highly vigilant and display cooperative behaviors in alarm signaling. Their activity and burrow systems significantly influence soil aeration and local ecosystem health.
Human Interaction
Human encounters are rare but may occur near pastures or cultivated fields. Conservation of native grasslands benefits this species and maintains ecological balance. Observers can learn much about prairie and foothill ecosystems by studying their behavior and interactions.
10. Belding’s Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus beldingi)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Belding’s Ground Squirrels are medium-sized rodents, measuring 8–10 inches in body length with a short 2–3 inch tail, weighing 5–7 ounces. Their fur is light brown to gray, blending well with alpine meadows and rocky terrain. They have subtle dorsal stripes and a pale belly, with strong claws adapted for digging complex burrow systems. Observers can distinguish them from other ground squirrels by their stocky build and alert upright posture.
Behavior
Belding’s Ground Squirrels are diurnal and highly social, often seen in colonies within meadow habitats. They rely heavily on vocalizations, including sharp “churr” calls, to warn neighbors of predators. Alert postures, tail flicks, and rapid retreats to burrows are common defensive behaviors. They forage actively during daylight and spend significant time maintaining burrows for shelter and hibernation.
Habitat and Range
This species prefers alpine and subalpine meadows, grassy slopes, and foothills in Idaho’s mountainous regions. Well-drained soils for burrowing and open spaces for foraging are essential. They avoid dense forests but may inhabit areas with scattered shrubs or rocks for cover. Colony size can range from a few individuals to dozens, with burrows interconnected to support social structure.
Diet
Belding’s Ground Squirrels are primarily herbivorous, feeding on grasses, wildflowers, seeds, and occasionally berries. Insects supplement protein intake during summer. Seasonal changes dictate diet composition, with spring focusing on fresh vegetation and fall emphasizing seed storage. Foraging behavior contributes to plant population control and soil nutrient cycling.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs soon after emergence from hibernation. Females produce litters of 4–8 pups following a 28–30 day gestation. Juveniles remain in burrows for several weeks, gradually learning to forage and recognize alarm signals. Lifespan averages 4–6 years, with predation from hawks, foxes, and weasels influencing survival rates.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Belding’s Ground Squirrels exhibit communal alarm behavior, often all individuals in a colony responding to a single predator sighting. Their hibernation and social systems allow survival in harsh alpine climates. Observing a colony during spring emergence reveals energetic and coordinated behaviors.
Human Interaction
Human encounters are rare in alpine areas, though recreational activities may occasionally disturb burrows. Their role in ecosystems, such as soil aeration and seed dispersal, highlights their ecological importance. Education programs in national forests often reference Belding’s Ground Squirrels as a keystone meadow species.
11. Merriam’s Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus canus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Merriam’s Ground Squirrels are small to medium rodents measuring 7–9 inches in body length with tails of 2–3 inches, weighing 4–6 ounces. Their fur is pale brown to gray, often blending with the sagebrush and desert steppe. Distinct pale stripes along the back and a pale underside help distinguish them from other Urocitellus species in Idaho.
Behavior
These ground squirrels are diurnal, actively foraging in the morning and late afternoon. They are cautious and quick, using zigzag movements to escape predators. Alarm calls and tail flicks are common. Burrows provide nesting, food storage, and safety. Merriam’s Ground Squirrels hibernate for extended periods during winter, sometimes entering torpor in response to extreme temperatures.
Habitat and Range
Merriam’s Ground Squirrels inhabit arid plains, sagebrush steppe, and open meadows in southern and southwestern Idaho. They require loose soils for burrowing and vegetation for foraging. Habitat fragmentation from agriculture and development poses threats to their populations. Their range overlaps slightly with other ground squirrels, but behavioral differences reduce competition.
Diet
They are herbivorous, feeding on grasses, seeds, roots, and occasional insects. Seasonal changes influence diet, with green vegetation consumed in spring and summer, and seeds stored or eaten in fall. By consuming and dispersing seeds, they contribute to plant community dynamics and ecosystem health.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs in early spring after emerging from hibernation. Females produce litters of 3–6 pups following a gestation of about 28 days. Juveniles mature quickly, preparing for winter hibernation. Adult lifespan is typically 3–4 years, with survival affected by predation and environmental factors.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Merriam’s Ground Squirrels often engage in communal alert behavior, with individuals responding collectively to threats. Their survival in arid and semi-arid landscapes demonstrates remarkable adaptation to challenging environments. Observing their foraging and burrowing strategies reveals insights into desert ecosystem functioning.
Human Interaction
They occasionally enter cultivated fields, where they may be considered minor pests. Conservation programs focus on maintaining natural sagebrush habitats to support sustainable populations. Wildlife enthusiasts appreciate their agile movements and alert behaviors in open landscapes.
12. Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus elegans)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Wyoming Ground Squirrel is medium-sized, with body lengths of 7–10 inches and tails of 2–3 inches, weighing 4–7 ounces. Its fur is light brown or gray with faint dorsal stripes and a paler underside. Compact and muscular, this ground squirrel is adapted for rapid digging and sprinting across open terrain. Identification relies on subtle coloration and habitat location.
Behavior
Wyoming Ground Squirrels are diurnal and highly vigilant. They forage actively in the morning and late afternoon, retreating to burrows when threatened. Alarm calls and tail flicks alert colony members of danger. They dig extensive burrow systems for nesting, food storage, and protection from predators. Hibernation is a key aspect of their survival, with adults and juveniles spending much of winter underground.
Habitat and Range
They inhabit open grasslands, plains, and foothills in southern and eastern Idaho. Loose soils for burrowing and abundant vegetation for food are essential. Rocky outcrops and shrubs near burrows provide cover from predators. Habitat fragmentation and human development have reduced population connectivity in some areas.
Diet
These ground squirrels are primarily herbivores, consuming grasses, seeds, roots, and occasional insects. Seasonal variations influence diet composition, with spring and summer focusing on fresh vegetation and fall on seed collection and storage. Their foraging behavior aids in seed dispersal and soil enrichment.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs shortly after spring emergence from hibernation. Litter sizes range from 3–6 pups, born after a gestation period of roughly 28 days. Juveniles develop rapidly to prepare for hibernation by fall. Lifespan averages 4–5 years, though predation and environmental conditions affect survival rates.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Wyoming Ground Squirrels are adept at standing sentry, scanning for predators while others forage. Their extensive burrow systems improve soil aeration and water infiltration. Observing their social and alarm behaviors provides insights into grassland and foothill ecology.
Human Interaction
They occasionally forage in farmland or pastures, sometimes causing minor crop damage. Their ecological role in seed dispersal and soil health outweighs conflicts. Educating locals about their importance fosters coexistence and promotes grassland conservation.
13. Piute Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus mollis)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Piute Ground Squirrel is a small, stocky rodent, measuring 7–9 inches long with a short tail of 2–3 inches, weighing around 4–6 ounces. Its fur is sandy brown to gray, helping it blend seamlessly into arid Idaho plains and sagebrush regions. Faint dorsal stripes and a pale belly provide subtle identification markers. Its compact build and strong claws are well-suited for digging extensive burrows and quick escapes from predators.
Behavior
Piute Ground Squirrels are diurnal and highly alert, foraging actively during cooler morning and late afternoon hours. They use high-pitched chirps and tail flicks to signal danger to colony members. They dig intricate burrow systems with nesting chambers, food caches, and emergency escape tunnels. Hibernation is an essential survival strategy, allowing them to endure cold winters or scarce food conditions.
Habitat and Range
This species is found in southern Idaho and neighboring arid plains, preferring open sagebrush areas, grasslands, and low desert scrub. They require loose, well-drained soils for burrowing and access to herbaceous vegetation for foraging. Burrow placement near shrubs or rocks offers protection from predators.
Diet
Piute Ground Squirrels are primarily herbivorous, consuming grasses, seeds, roots, and occasional insects. Spring and summer diets are dominated by green vegetation, while fall emphasizes seeds and stored food for hibernation. Their foraging activities play a vital role in seed dispersal and vegetation dynamics within sagebrush ecosystems.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs in early spring after emerging from hibernation. Females produce litters of 3–6 pups following a gestation of approximately 28 days. Juveniles mature quickly, preparing for winter dormancy. Adult lifespan typically ranges from 3–4 years in the wild, with predation and environmental pressures influencing survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Piute Ground Squirrels often display vigilant “sentry” behavior, with individuals scanning for predators while others forage. Their burrowing and hibernation strategies reflect remarkable adaptation to arid environments. Observing colonies during early morning foraging showcases coordinated social behaviors.
Human Interaction
Human encounters are uncommon, though they may forage near cultivated fields or pastures. Conservation of sagebrush and grassland habitats ensures sustainable populations. Educators and wildlife enthusiasts find them fascinating subjects for studying desert-adapted rodents.
14. Rock Squirrel (Otospermophilus variegatus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
Rock Squirrels are large, robust rodents measuring 16–20 inches including tail, and weighing 1–2 pounds. Their fur is mottled gray-brown with a slightly paler belly, helping them blend with rocky outcrops. Their powerful limbs and claws allow them to climb and dig efficiently. Identification is aided by their size, long bushy tail, and distinctive head shape.
Behavior
Rock Squirrels are diurnal and highly territorial, often seen sunning on rocks or foraging in open areas. They use shrill alarm calls to alert neighbors of predators. Agile climbers, they escape threats by retreating to rock crevices or burrows. While generally solitary, they tolerate nearby colony members, especially during feeding or mating seasons.
Habitat and Range
They inhabit rocky hillsides, canyon edges, and cliffs in southwestern Idaho. Their preference for rocky terrain provides natural protection and vantage points for predator detection. Burrows are dug near or under rocks, often extending several feet underground with multiple chambers for nesting and food storage.
Diet
Rock Squirrels are omnivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits, nuts, insects, small reptiles, and bird eggs. Opportunistic feeders, they adapt to available food sources. By foraging and caching, they aid in seed dispersal and support ecosystem diversity within rocky habitats.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs once or twice per year. Females produce 3–6 pups after about a 28-day gestation. Young remain in burrows for several weeks before exploring surrounding terrain. Adults can live up to 6 years in the wild, though predation from raptors, snakes, and carnivores limits lifespan.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Rock Squirrels are among the few squirrels known to eat small vertebrates and eggs, showcasing their adaptive opportunistic feeding. They are excellent climbers and maintain keen vigilance to detect predators. Watching their behaviors on sunlit rocks provides a glimpse into their bold yet cautious nature.
Human Interaction
They occasionally forage near human structures, especially in rural or recreational areas. While generally non-aggressive, their burrowing near trails or roads can pose minor hazards. Rock Squirrels are valued for their ecological role in rocky ecosystems and serve as an intriguing species for wildlife observers.
15. Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Yellow-bellied Marmot is a large, stocky rodent, measuring 18–24 inches with a 6–8 inch tail and weighing 3–5 pounds. Its fur is brownish-gray with a yellowish belly, distinguishing it from other Idaho rodents. Marmots have strong limbs and sharp claws for digging, along with a broad head and short ears. Their large size and loud whistles make them relatively easy to identify in alpine and rocky areas.
Behavior
Diurnal and highly social, Yellow-bellied Marmots live in colonies often consisting of multiple families. They exhibit sentinel behavior, standing upright to watch for predators and emitting loud whistles to warn others. Burrow systems are extensive, with nesting, food storage, and escape chambers. Hibernation is crucial, lasting up to 8 months in high-elevation habitats.
Habitat and Range
Marmots prefer alpine meadows, rocky slopes, and foothills throughout central and southern Idaho. Their habitats offer loose soil for burrowing, open areas for foraging, and rocks for lookout points. Colony territories can extend across several acres, with interconnected burrows supporting social interactions.
Diet
They are primarily herbivorous, feeding on grasses, flowers, seeds, and leaves. Occasional insects supplement protein intake. Seasonal feeding is critical for accumulating fat reserves to survive long hibernation periods. Their foraging aids in maintaining plant diversity and ecosystem health.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs in late spring after emergence from hibernation. Females produce litters of 2–5 pups following a gestation of roughly 32 days. Juveniles remain in burrows for several weeks before foraging independently. Adults live up to 15 years in the wild under favorable conditions, with predation from eagles, coyotes, and foxes influencing survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Yellow-bellied Marmots hibernate deeply and rely on complex social structures for survival. They use loud whistles to communicate danger and have impressive memory for burrow networks. Observing a colony in early summer reveals playful interactions and sentinel rotations.
Human Interaction
These marmots are often observed by hikers and wildlife enthusiasts in Idaho’s mountainous regions. They may forage near campgrounds but generally avoid humans. Educational programs highlight their ecological role in alpine habitats and the importance of conserving mountainous grasslands.
16. Hoary Marmot (Marmota caligata)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Hoary Marmot is a large, stocky rodent measuring 20–28 inches including tail, and weighing 5–10 pounds. Its fur is grizzled gray with a silver “hoary” appearance, giving the species its name. A rusty-colored patch may appear on the shoulders, while the belly is lighter. Strong limbs and claws are perfect for digging and climbing rocky terrains. Distinguishing features include their broad head, short ears, and loud vocalizations.
Behavior
Hoary Marmots are diurnal and social, living in colonies of multiple families. They are highly vigilant, often observed standing upright on rocks to scan for predators. Loud whistles communicate warnings to colony members. Burrow systems include nesting, food storage, and escape chambers. They hibernate for up to eight months in high-elevation habitats, relying on fat reserves.
Habitat and Range
This species inhabits alpine meadows, talus slopes, and rocky ridges in central and northern Idaho. They require loose soil for burrowing, open spaces for foraging, and rocks for lookout points. Colony territories may extend over several acres, with burrow networks connecting family units.
Diet
Hoary Marmots are herbivorous, feeding on grasses, herbs, flowers, and occasionally seeds. Insects provide supplementary protein. Seasonal foraging ensures sufficient fat storage for hibernation. Their feeding behavior contributes to plant diversity and soil enrichment in alpine ecosystems.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs shortly after spring emergence from hibernation. Females produce litters of 2–5 pups following a gestation of 32–34 days. Juveniles remain in burrows for several weeks before exploring outside. Adults can live up to 15 years, with predation by eagles, coyotes, and foxes affecting survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Hoary Marmots produce distinct whistling sounds to alert the colony of danger. They are one of the few Idaho rodents adapted to high alpine conditions, demonstrating remarkable cold-weather survival strategies. Watching their coordinated social behavior during summer is fascinating for wildlife observers.
Human Interaction
They are frequently observed by hikers in Idaho’s mountains but usually avoid humans. Education about their ecological role emphasizes the importance of alpine meadow conservation. Recreational activities rarely disturb them if people maintain distance.
17. Yellow‑pine Chipmunk (Neotamias amoenus)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Yellow‑pine Chipmunk is a small, agile rodent measuring 7–9 inches in body length with a 3–4 inch tail, weighing 1.5–2 ounces. Its fur is reddish-brown with five dark dorsal stripes separated by lighter stripes. The underparts are pale yellowish, giving this species its common name. Identification is aided by the characteristic stripe pattern and the reddish hue of the fur.
Behavior
These chipmunks are diurnal and highly active, often darting between trees, rocks, and forest floors. They are solitary but maintain overlapping territories. Vocalizations include high-pitched chirps to signal alarm. They are excellent foragers, storing seeds and nuts in cheek pouches to transport to burrow caches. Hibernation is partial; they remain active on warm days during winter.
Habitat and Range
Yellow‑pine Chipmunks inhabit coniferous and mixed forests in central and southern Idaho, preferring pine and fir forests with dense understory. They require cover for escape from predators and abundant food sources for caching. Burrows are shallow, often under logs or rocks, with multiple chambers for nesting and food storage.
Diet
They feed on seeds, nuts, berries, fruits, fungi, and occasionally insects. Food caching is critical for survival during scarce periods. By dispersing seeds, they help maintain forest plant diversity and contribute to the health of Idaho’s coniferous ecosystems.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs twice per year, in spring and summer. Litter sizes range from 3–5 pups after a 30-day gestation. Juveniles quickly learn to forage and cache food before winter. Adult lifespan averages 2–3 years in the wild, with predation from hawks, snakes, and small carnivores limiting survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Yellow‑pine Chipmunks are remarkable for their cheek pouch capacity, carrying multiple seeds in a single trip. They often engage in playful chasing and territory displays. Observing their foraging patterns provides insight into forest ecosystem dynamics.
Human Interaction
They are generally shy but may approach campsites or picnic areas in search of food. Education on keeping food secure in forests helps reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Wildlife enthusiasts enjoy watching their energetic antics in Idaho’s pine forests.
18. Cliff Chipmunk (Neotamias dorsalis)
Physical Characteristics & Identification Tips
The Cliff Chipmunk is a small rodent, measuring 7–9 inches with a 3–4 inch tail, weighing 1.5–2 ounces. Its fur is reddish-brown with five dark stripes along the back and pale underparts. It has strong limbs and sharp claws, enabling agile climbing of cliffs and rocky outcrops. Identification is confirmed by its habitat, size, and dorsal stripe pattern.
Behavior
Cliff Chipmunks are diurnal and highly alert. They are excellent climbers, often observed on cliff faces and rock outcrops. Alarm calls and tail flicks warn colony members of predators. They forage actively for seeds, nuts, and berries, storing food in burrows with multiple chambers. Hibernation is limited; activity may continue during warm winter days.
Habitat and Range
They inhabit rocky cliffs, canyons, and talus slopes in southwestern and central Idaho. Their preference for vertical terrain provides safety from ground predators. Burrows are dug into crevices, under rocks, or at the base of cliffs. Territories often overlap, with individuals maintaining lookout posts.
Diet
They primarily consume seeds, nuts, berries, and occasional insects. Food caching is critical to survive periods of scarcity. Their foraging activities help disperse seeds and support plant growth in rocky habitats.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
Breeding occurs in spring. Litters consist of 3–5 pups after a gestation of about 30 days. Juveniles remain in burrows until capable of independent foraging. Lifespan is 2–4 years in the wild, with predation and habitat conditions influencing survival.
Fun Facts / Unique Traits
Cliff Chipmunks are remarkable climbers, able to leap between rocks and navigate vertical terrain with agility. Their alert behavior and intricate burrow systems make them fascinating subjects for wildlife observation.
Human Interaction
Human encounters are uncommon due to their cliff-dwelling habits. Hikers may observe them from a distance. Educating outdoor enthusiasts about their ecological role in rocky ecosystems promotes appreciation and protection.
FAQ’s
1. Can squirrels get sick in Idaho?
Yes, squirrels in Idaho can get sick. Common issues include parasites, mange, and viral or bacterial infections. Healthy populations are generally resilient, but urban squirrels may be more prone to disease.
2. What do squirrels eat in Idaho?
Squirrels in Idaho eat a variety of foods including nuts, seeds, fruits, fungi, and occasionally bird eggs. Their diet varies depending on species and habitat, with ground squirrels also eating grasses and roots.
3. Are ground squirrels endangered in Idaho?
Most ground squirrel species in Idaho are not endangered, but some local populations, such as the Idaho Ground Squirrel, are considered threatened due to habitat loss and human activity.
4. Are there squirrels in Idaho?
Yes, Idaho has multiple species of squirrels, including tree squirrels, ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. They are widespread across forests, grasslands, and even urban areas.
5. What type of squirrels live in Idaho?
Idaho hosts species such as the Eastern Gray Squirrel, Red Squirrel, Fox Squirrel, Northern Flying Squirrel, and several types of ground squirrels. Each species occupies specific habitats from forests to open plains.
6. What is the new species of squirrel in Idaho?
Recent studies have documented some range expansions and new sightings of tree squirrels like the Fox Squirrel in parts of southern Idaho, likely introduced or migrating from nearby states.
7. Can I hunt squirrels in Idaho?
Yes, Idaho allows small game hunting, including squirrels. Hunters need a valid hunting license, and specific season dates, bag limits, and regulations must be followed.
8. Are flying squirrels native to Idaho?
Yes, Northern Flying Squirrels are native to Idaho, primarily living in dense forests where they nest in tree cavities and glide between trees at night.
9. Is it legal to feed squirrels in Idaho?
Feeding squirrels on private property is generally allowed, but feeding them in public areas may be restricted. Overfeeding is discouraged to prevent dependency and health problems.
10. Are there grey squirrels in Idaho?
Yes, Eastern Gray Squirrels exist in some parts of Idaho, though they are less common than in the eastern U.S. They are more frequently seen near urban areas or parks.
11. Can you own a squirrel in Idaho?
Private ownership of wild squirrels in Idaho is generally illegal without a wildlife possession permit. Only licensed rehabilitators or special facilities may legally keep squirrels.
12. Do flying squirrels live in Idaho?
Yes, Northern Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and live in forested areas of Idaho, using their gliding ability to move between trees in search of food and shelter.
13. What is the new species of squirrel found in Idaho?
Recent sightings of Fox Squirrels in southern Idaho suggest a new or expanding population. These squirrels may have been introduced or naturally migrated from neighboring states.
14. Are there fox squirrels in Idaho?
Yes, Fox Squirrels are present in limited areas of Idaho, primarily in the south and southwest. They prefer open forests and urban parks.
15. Is there a squirrel season in Idaho?
Yes, Idaho has an established squirrel hunting season for both tree and ground squirrels. Regulations vary by species and region, and a hunting license is required.
16. Can you trap squirrels in Idaho?
Trapping squirrels is generally regulated in Idaho. Legal trapping requires a small game or furbearer license, and certain species may have specific rules.
17. Do squirrels hibernate in Idaho?
Tree squirrels and flying squirrels do not hibernate, but they remain less active during cold winter months. Some ground squirrel species enter a true hibernation or torpor to survive harsh winters.
Conclusion
Idaho is home to an impressive diversity of squirrels, ranging from nimble tree-dwellers like the Northern Flying Squirrel to hardy ground specialists such as the Yellow-bellied Marmot. Each species plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of its ecosystem, whether through seed dispersal, soil aeration, or serving as prey for predators. Understanding their physical traits, behaviors, habitats, diets, and interactions with humans provides insight into Idaho’s rich wildlife tapestry.
Observing squirrels in Idaho offers more than just casual entertainment. It opens a window into the intricate adaptations that allow these animals to thrive in alpine meadows, sagebrush plains, and rocky cliffs. From playful chipmunks to sentinel marmots, each species contributes uniquely to the state’s biodiversity. Promoting awareness and conservation of these squirrels ensures that future generations can enjoy the same wonder and curiosity that wildlife enthusiasts experience today.
Whether you are a hiker spotting a Hoary Marmot on a mountaintop, a birdwatcher hearing the alarm calls of a Belding’s Ground Squirrel, or a nature photographer capturing a Rock Squirrel on a sunlit ledge, the squirrels of Idaho offer endless opportunities to learn, appreciate, and connect with the natural world. By fostering respect and understanding for these species, we help protect the habitats and ecological networks that sustain them.
Read more: 5 Types of Squirrels in Indiana (Pictures And Identification)